Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime and Intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometries in Metric Force Fields I

Two classes of three-dimensional metric spaces are identified. They are the conventional three-dimensional metric space and a new ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space. Whereas an initial flat conventional proper metric space IE′3 can transform into a curved three-dimensionalRiemannian metric space IM′3 without any of its dimension spanning the time dimension (or in the absence of the time dimension), in conventional Riemann geometry, an initial flat ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space ∅IˆE3 (as a flat hyper-surface) along the horizontal, evolves into a curved ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space ∅IˆM3, which is curved (as a curved hyper-surface) toward the absolute intrinsic metric time ‘dimension’ along the vertical, and it is identified as ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic Riemannian metric space. It invariantly projects a flat ‘three-dimensional’ absolute proper intrinsic metric space ∅IE′3ab along the horizontal, which is made manifested outwardly in flat ‘three-dimensional’ absolute proper metric space IE′3ab, overlying it, both as flat hyper-surfaces along the horizontal. The flat conventional three-dimensional relative proper metric space IE′3 and its underlying flat three-dimensional relative proper intrinsic metric space ∅IE′3 remain unchanged. The observers are located in IE′3. The projective ∅IE′3ab is imperceptibly embedded in ∅IE′3 and IE′3ab in IE′3. The corresponding absolute intrinsic metric time ‘dimension’ is not curved from its vertical position simultaneously with ‘three-dimensional’ absolute intrinsic metric space. The development of absolute intrinsic Riemannian geometry is commenced and the conclusion that the resulting geometry is more all-encompassing then the conventional Riemannian geometry on curved conventional metric space IM′3 only is reached.

The evolution of the solar wind

How has the solar wind evolved to reach what it is today? In this review, I discuss the long-term evolution of the solar wind, including the evolution of observed properties that are intimately linked to the solar wind: rotation, magnetism and activity. Given that we cannot access data from the solar wind 4 billion years ago, this review relies on stellar data, in an effort to better place the Sun and the solar wind in a stellar context. I overview some clever detection methods of winds of solar-like stars, and derive from these an observed evolutionary sequence of solar wind mass-loss rates. I then link these observational properties (including, rotation, magnetism and activity) with stellar wind models. I conclude this review then by discussing implications of the evolution of the solar wind on the evolving Earth and other solar system planets. I argue that studying exoplanetary systems could open up new avenues for progress to be made in our understanding of the evolution of the solar wind.

Evolution of the Customary International law on the Cultural Property Plundered in War

This article presents an unambiguous evolutionary sequence of historical events leading to the development of customary international law, seen with reference to the mutual influence and transformation of legal philosophy, practice and codification on plundering cultural property during wars. The contemporary legal rules and customs working against taking cultural property as spoils of war are rooted in the eighteenth century, and were consistently developed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Restitution appears the best remedy for the country of origin, especially in the condition where the plundered cultural property is existent and identifiable. Achieving this goal depends on the cooperation and coordination throughout the world, based on a wider customary international law space.

La plástica rupestre y el diseño en el antiguo Perú: el rastro de dos petroglifos de Palpa en la iconografía de Paracas y Nasca

El inmenso acervo iconográfico contenido en los innumerables paisajes rupestres del Perú estimula la intuición de que muchos de aquellos diseños pintados y grabados en la roca –figurativos y abstractos–, deben tener versiones equivalentes en la alfarería, el tejido, el metal, el hueso o la madera. Sin embargo, no abundan en el Perú las expresiones plásticas rupestres que hayan sido trasvasadas a soportes distintos de la roca. Y esa misma infrecuencia otorga un valor excepcional a los pictogramas, petrograbados y geoglifos que sí pueden identificarse como parte de la secuencia evolutiva formal de un diseño plasmado en un bordado o una vasija. En este trabajo analizaremos dos petrograbados antropomorfos pertenecientes al paisaje rupestre de Chichictara (Palpa, Ica), que podrían ser antecedentes de dos motivos iconográficos de Paracas y Nasca.Palabras clave: plástica rupestre andina, paisaje rupestre, petrograbados de Chichictara, diseños Paracas AbstractThe immense iconographic heritage in Peru’s innumerable cave landscapes stimulates the intuition that many of those designs painted and engraved on the rock –figurative and abstract– must have equivalent versions in pottery, fabric, metal, bone, or wood. However, there are not many cave paintings in Peru that have been transferred to supports other than the rock. Furthermore, that same infrequency gives an exceptional value to pictograms, petroglyphs, and geoglyphs that can be identified as part of the proper evolutionary sequence of a design embodied in embroidery or a vessel. In this work, we will analyze two anthropomorphic petroglyphs belonging to the rocky landscape of Chichictara (Palpa, Ica) that could be antecedents of two iconographic motifs of Paracas and Nasca. Keywords: Andean rock art, rock landscape, petrogravings of Chichictara, Paracas designs

The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)–III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution

We present 1.3 mm continuum ALMA long-baseline observations at 3-5 au resolution of 10 of the brightest discs from the Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) project. We identify a total of 26 narrow rings and gaps distributed in 8 sources and 3 discs with small dust cavities (r <10 au). We find that two discs around embedded protostars lack the clear gaps and rings that are ubiquitous in more evolved sources with Class II SEDs. Our sample includes 5 objects with previously known large dust cavities (r >20 au). We find that the 1.3 mm radial profiles of these objects are in good agreement with those produced by numerical simulations of dust evolution and planet-disc interactions, which predict the accumulation of mm-sized grains at the edges of planet-induced cavities. Our long-baseline observations resulted in the largest sample of discs observed at ∼3-5 au resolution in any given star-forming region (15 objects when combined with Ophiuchus objects in the DSHARP Large Program) and allow for a demographic study of the brightest $\sim 5\%$ of the discs in Ophiuchus (i.e. the most likely formation sites of giant planets in the cloud). We use this unique sample to propose an evolutionary sequence and discuss a scenario in which the substructures observed in massive protoplanetary discs are mainly the result of planet formation and dust evolution. If this scenario is correct, the detailed study of disc substructures might provide a window to investigate a population of planets that remains mostly undetectable by other techniques.