scholarly journals A Land–Atmospheric Interaction Study in the Coastal Tropical City of San Juan, Puerto Rico

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Comarazamy ◽  
Jorge E. González ◽  
Jeffrey C. Luvall ◽  
Douglas L. Rickman ◽  
Pedro J. Mulero
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract This paper focuses on the surface–atmospheric interaction in a tropical coastal city including the validation of an atmospheric modeling and an impact study of land-cover and land-use (LCLU) changes. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), driven with regional reanalysis data for a 10-day simulation, is used to perform the study in the San Juan metropolitan area (SJMA), one of the largest urban conglomerations in the Caribbean, which is located in the island of Puerto Rico and taken as the test case. The model’s surface characteristics were updated using airborne high-resolution remote sensing information to obtain a more accurate and detailed configuration of the SJMA. Surface and rawinsonde data from the San Juan Airborne Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) Mission are used to validate the modeling system, yielding satisfactory results in surface/canopy temperature, near-surface air temperatures, and vertical profiles. The impact analysis, performed with the updated SJMA configuration and a potential natural vegetation (PNV) scenario, showed that the simulation with specified urban LCLU indexes in the bottom boundary produced higher air temperatures over the area occupied by the city, with positive values of up to 2.5°C. The same analysis showed changes in the surface radiative balance in the urban case attributed to modifications in the LCLU. This additional heat seems to motivate additional vertical convection that may be leading to possible urban-induced precipitation downwind of the SJMA. This was evident in a precipitation disturbance when the city is present (∼0.9 mm, 22.5% increase) captured by the model that was accompanied by increases in cloud formation and vertical motions mainly downwind of the city.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Low Bias in Snow Water Equivalent Initialization on CFS Seasonal Forecasts

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (21) ◽  
pp. 8657-8671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick D. Broxton ◽  
Xubin Zeng ◽  
Nicholas Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Seasonal Prediction ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Forecast Lead Time ◽  
Snow Water ◽  
The Impact

Across much of the Northern Hemisphere, Climate Forecast System forecasts made earlier in the winter (e.g., on 1 January) are found to have more snow water equivalent (SWE) in April–June than forecasts made later (e.g., on 1 April); furthermore, later forecasts tend to predict earlier snowmelt than earlier forecasts. As a result, other forecasted model quantities (e.g., soil moisture in April–June) show systematic differences dependent on the forecast lead time. Notably, earlier forecasts predict much colder near-surface air temperatures in April–June than later forecasts. Although the later forecasts of temperature are more accurate, earlier forecasts of SWE are more realistic, suggesting that the improvement in temperature forecasts occurs for the wrong reasons. Thus, this study highlights the need to improve atmospheric processes in the model (e.g., radiative transfer, turbulence) that would cause cold biases when a more realistic amount of snow is on the ground. Furthermore, SWE differences in earlier versus later forecasts are found to much more strongly affect April–June temperature forecasts than the sea surface temperature differences over different regions, suggesting the major role of snowpack in seasonal prediction during the spring–summer transition over snowy regions.

The Economic Impact of Cultural Events: The Umbria Jazz Music Festival

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Bracalente ◽  
Cecilia Chirieleison ◽  
Massimo Cossignani ◽  
Luca Ferrucci ◽  
Marina Gigliotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Music Festival ◽  
Jazz Music ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This paper assesses the economic impact of a cultural event on a local economy. The event analysed is the Umbria Jazz music festival, which is held annually in July in the city of Perugia in Italy. The relevance of this case study concerns the methodological problems involved in estimating the number of visitors attracted by an event characterized by numerous free concerts. In addition, through the choice of the components of expenditure and the impact analysis model, the proposed approach represents an advanced synthesis of the paths which have been developing in the literature.

Urban Consumers on Two Wheels

Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás López-Pumarejo
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Outdoor Advertising ◽  
The World ◽  
Street Furniture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Large-scale public bicycle rental programs represent the latest grand venture for outdoor advertising corporations. By supporting these programs, advertisers gain unfettered access to street furniture and municipal billboard space and thus acquire the power to transform the city dwellers' experience of the urban landscape both visually and kinetically. These public-private bike rental programs have mushroomed around the world due in part to the impact of Paris' Vélib, which is the world's largest. This paper discusses the role of outdoor advertising in this trend, and focuses on two existing and two projected public bicycle programs. The existing programs are Vélib and Montreal's Bixi; and the projected ones are slated for New York and San Juan, Puerto Rico.1

scholarly journals Structure of the Western Tibetan Vortex inconsistent with a thermally-direct circulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Li ◽  
Jingjing Yu ◽  
Shaofeng Liu ◽  
Jingzhi Wang ◽  
Lei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Western Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Global Atmospheric Circulation

AbstractThe Western Tibetan Vortex (WTV) is a large-scale circulation pattern identified from year-to-year circulation variability, which was used to understand the causal mechanisms for slowdown of the glacier melting over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP). A recent argument has suggested the WTV is the set of wind field anomalies resulting from variability in near-surface air temperatures over the western TP (above 1500 m), which, in turn, is likely driven by the surface net radiation. This study thereby evaluates the above putative thermal-direct mechanism. By conducting numerical sensitivity experiments using a global atmospheric circulation model, SAMIL, we find a WTV-like structure cannot be generated from a surface thermal forcing imposed on the western TP. A thermally-direct circulation generated by the surface or near surface heating is expect to cause upward motions and a baroclinic structure above it. In contrast, downward motions and a quasi-barotropic are observed in the vertical structure of the WTV. Besides, we find variability of the surface net radiation (sum of the surface shortwave and longwave net radiation) over the western TP can be traced back to the WTV variability based on ERA5 data. The anticyclonic (cyclonic) WTV reduces (increases) the cloudiness through the anomalous downward (upward) motions, causes more (less) input shortwave net radiation and thereby more (less) surface net radiations, resulting in the warmer (cooler) surface and near-surface air temperature over the western TP. The argument is constructive in encouraging examination of the radiative balance processes that complements previous studies.

Government program impact analysis on empowerment of coastal women toward enhancing their family incomes in the city of Manado

2013 ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Deyne Rondonuwu
Keyword(s):  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Program Impact ◽  
Total Family Income ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Descriptive Method

The research was conducted in the city of Manado which has received independent direct assistance (Bantuan Langsung Mandiri) from government in 2008 through the coastal women's groups (3 groups) at 3 sub-districts, such as Bunaken Island, East Malalayang I, and Tumumpa II, which aimed to analyze the impact of government support to the activities of coastal women toward enhancing their family incomes. Descriptive method was applied using survey and interview techniques. The data used are primary and secondary data. The data were analyzed by using the formula of the proportion of the income of coastal women. The number of samples was 30; the data was analyzed before getting the assistance (> 2008), after the assistance (2009-2011), and in the period of 2012-2013. The results showed that the total family income increased (30.20-46.21%) after receiving the assistance, in period of 2012-2013 was decreased to 37.36%. This was due to lack of knowledge and skills in the use of coastal women's group capital and lack of technical personnel in assisting the groups. So, the impact of government assistance in the form of independent direct assistance in 2008 was not give any result in enhancing the family income in 2013, since the assistance was not used in a sustainable manner and lack of supervision from technical personnels© Penelitian ini dilakukan di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Manado yang telah menerima Bantuan Langsung Mandiri (BLM) dari pemerintah pada Tahun 2008, melalui 3 kelompok perempuan pesisir, yaitu: Kelurahan Bunaken Kepulauan, Kelurahan Malalayang I Timur, dan Kelurahan Tumumpa II. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak bantuan tersebut terhadap kegiatan perempuan pesisir dalam meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif menggunakan teknik survei dan wawancara. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder. Data dianalisis menggunakan rumus proporsi pendapatan perempuan pesisir. Sampel yang diambil adalah sebanyak 30; data yang dianalisis adalah periode sebelum menerima bantuan BLM (>2008), sesudah mendapatkan bantuan BLM (2009-20011), dan periode Tahun 2012-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, secara total, terjadi peningkatan pendapatan keluarga (30,20-46,21%) setelah menerimah bantuan; periode Tahun 2012-2013 menurun menjadi 37,36 %. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan kelompok perempuan pesisir dalam penggunaan modal, serta kurangnya tenaga teknis dalam mendampingi kelompok perempuan pesisir . Sehingga pada tahun 2008, bantuan pemerintah tersebut tidak berdampak pada peningkatan pendapatan keluarga masyarakat pesisir pada tahun 2013, karena pemberian bantuan tersebut tidak dilakukan secara berkelanjutan dan kurangnya pengawasan oleh tenaga teknis©

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Data Representation on Weather Forecast Quality: A Case Study in Central Mexico

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Erika Danaé López-Espinoza ◽  
Jorge Zavala-Hidalgo ◽  
Rezaul Mahmood ◽  
Octavio Gómez-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hourly Precipitation ◽  
Land Cover Data ◽  
The Impact

In atmospheric modeling, an accurate representation of land cover is required because such information impacts water and energy budgets and, consequently, the performance of models in simulating regional climate. This study analyzes the impact of the land cover data on an operational weather forecasting system using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for central Mexico, with the aim of improving the quality of the operative forecast. Two experiments were conducted using different land cover datasets: a United States Geological Survey (USGS) map and an updated North American Land Change Monitoring System (NALCMS) map. The experiments were conducted as a daily 120 h forecast for each day of January, April, July, and September of 2012, and the near-surface temperature, wind speed, and hourly precipitation were analyzed. Both experiments were compared with observations from meteorological stations. The statistical analysis of this study showed that wind speed and near-surface temperature prediction may be further improved with the updated and more accurate NALCMS dataset, particularly in the forecast covering 48 to 72 h. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the average wind speed reached a maximum reduction of up to 1.2 m s−1, whereas for the near-surface temperature there was a reduction of up to 0.6 °C. The RMSE of the average hourly precipitation was very similar between both experiments, however the location of precipitation was modified.

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