scholarly journals Storm Surge, Blocking, and Cyclones: A Compound Hazards Analysis for the Northeast United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Booth ◽  
Veeshan Narinesingh ◽  
Katherine L. Towey ◽  
Jeyavinoth Jeyaratnam
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Northeast United States ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractStorm surge is a weather hazard that can generate dangerous flooding and is not fully understood in terms of timing and atmospheric forcing. Using observations along the Northeast United States, surge is sorted based on duration and intensity to reveal distinct time-evolving behavior. Long-duration surge events slowly recede, while strong, short-duration events often involve negative surge in quick succession after the maximum. Using Lagrangian track information, the tropical and extratropical cyclones and atmospheric blocks that generate the surge events are identified. There is a linear correlation between surge duration and surge maximum, and the relationship is stronger for surge caused by extratropical cyclones as compared to those events caused by tropical cyclones. For the extremes based on duration, the shortest-duration strong surge events are caused by tropical cyclones, while the longest-duration events are most often caused by extratropical cyclones. At least half of long-duration surge events involve anomalously strong atmospheric blocking poleward of the cyclone, while strong, short-duration events are most often caused by cyclones in the absence of blocking. The dynamical influence of the blocks leads to slow-moving cyclones that take meandering paths. In contrast, for strong, short-duration events, cyclones travel faster and take a more meridional path. These unique dynamical scenarios provide better insight for interpreting the threat of surge in medium-range forecasts.

scholarly journals Coastal Resilience Against Storm Surge from Tropical Cyclones

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 725
Author(s):  
Robert Mendelsohn ◽  
Liang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atlantic Seaboard ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Coastal Resilience

It is well known that seawalls are effective at stopping common storm surges in urban areas. This paper examines whether seawalls should be built to withstand the storm surge from a major tropical cyclone. We estimate the extra cost of building the wall tall enough to stop such surges and the extra flood benefit of this additional height. We estimate the surge probability distribution from six tidal stations spread along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. We then measure how valuable the vulnerable buildings behind a 100 m wall must be to justify such a tall wall at each site. Combining information about the probability distribution of storm surge, the average elevation of protected buildings, and the damage rate at each building, we find that the value of protected buildings behind this 100 m wall must be in the hundreds of millions to justify the wall. We also examine the additional flood benefit and cost of protecting a km2 of land in nearby cities at each site. The density of buildings in coastal cities in the United States are generally more than an order of magnitude too low to justify seawalls this high. Seawalls are effective, but not at stopping the surge damage from major tropical cyclones.

United States East Coast Storm Surge and Cyclone track Characteristics: Differences and Similarities for Extratropical Cyclones and Hurricanes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Booth ◽  
Harald Rieder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return Level ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Cyclone Track ◽  
The Us

<p>Storm surge on the east coast of the United States can be generated by hurricanes or extratropical cyclones (ETCs). Understanding the differences in the impacts of these two phenomena is important for improving strategies to mitigate the damage created. As such, this work examines the magnitude, spatial footprint, and paths of hurricanes and ETCs that caused strong surge along the east coast of the US. Lagrangian cyclone track information, for hurricanes and ETCs, is used to associate surge events with individual storms. First, hurricane influence is examined using ranked surged events per site. The fraction of hurricanes among storms associated with surge decreases from 20-60% for the top 10 events to 10-30% for the top 50 events, and a clear latitudinal gradient of hurricane influence emerges for larger sets of events. Second, surge on larger spatial domains is examined by focusing on storms that cause exceedance of the probabilistic 1-year surge return level at multiple stations. Results show that if the strongest events, in terms of surge amplitude and spatial extent, are considered hurricanes are most likely to create the hazards. However, when slightly less strong events that still impact multiple areas during the storm life cycle are considered, the relative importance of hurricanes shrinks as that of ETCs grows.</p><p>Next we examine the details of the tracks of the storm events that cause strong surge events. We find that paths for ETCs causing multi-site surge at individual segments of the US east coast pass very close to the regions of impact. We find that the paths of hurricanes that cause the strongest multi-site surge are often influenced by nearby large-scale circulation patterns. We also examine the relationship between the storm surge time-evolution and the propagation speed of the low-pressure center of the storm events. For extratropical cyclones, slower moving events have weaker cyclonic winds which offsets the enhanced surge associated with the longer duration of the cyclone influence on surge. For hurricanes, there is less correlation between propagation speed and cyclonic wind motion, meaning slower moving events can still generate very strong winds. However, slow moving events still don’t cause the absolute largest events.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Storm surge return levels induced by mid-to-late-twenty-first-century extratropical cyclones in the Northeastern United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 154 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Lin ◽  
Reza Marsooli ◽  
Brian A. Colle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
First Century ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Return Levels ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract 307: The Velocity of Increasing End-Tidal CO 2 Immediately Following Resuscitation Is Associated with Postresuscitation Myocardial Function

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Yin ◽  
Jie Qian ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
Ping Gong ◽  
Zhengfei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Myocardial Function ◽  
Myocardial Dysfunction ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Successful Resuscitation ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Introduction: End-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) serves as a sensitive indicator of hemodynamic efficacy during CPR and therefore predicts the success of resuscitation. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the velocity of increasing ETCO2 immediately after successful resuscitation and post resuscitation myocardial function. Hypothesis: The velocity of increasing ETCO2 immediately following resuscitation is associated with the severity of post resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Methods: Twenty rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) short duration of cardiac arrest (CA) (n = 10): ventricular fibrillation (VF) was untreated for 4 mins prior to 6 mins of CPR; (2) long duration of CA (n = 10): VF was untreated for 8 mins followed by 8 mins of CPR. After successful resuscitation, the first 20 secs of ETCO2 were analyzed. The velocity of ETCO2 changes was defined as the difference of the maximum and minimum ETCO2 value divided by the duration between the two ETCO2 values. Ejection fraction (EF) was measured by echocardiography at 8 hrs after resuscitation. Results: Increasing ETCO2 immediately following successful resuscitation was observed in all rats. However, the velocity of ETCO2 increasing in the group of short duration of CA was significantly faster than the group of long duration. This was associated with significantly greater EF at 8 hrs after resuscitation (Table). A close correlation between the velocity of increasing ETCO2 and EF was demonstrated (r=0.70, p<0.01) (Figure). Conclusion: The velocity of increasing ETCO2 immediately following resuscitation is associated with post resuscitation myocardial function.

scholarly journals Synoptic–Dynamic and Airmass Characteristics Distinguishing Long- and Short-Duration Freezing Rain Events in the South-Central United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 1287-1304
Author(s):  
Christopher D. McCray ◽  
John R. Gyakum ◽  
Eyad H. Atallah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
The South ◽  
Freezing Rain ◽  
South Central ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Rain Events

AbstractThough prolonged freezing rain events are rare, they can result in substantial damage when they occur. While freezing rain occurs less frequently in the south-central United States than in some regions of North America, a large number of extremely long-duration events lasting at least 18 h have been observed there. We explore the key synoptic–dynamic conditions that lead to these extreme events through a comparison with less severe short-duration events. We produce synoptic–dynamic composites and 7-day backward trajectories for parcels ending in the warm and cold layers for each event category. The extremely long-duration events are preferentially associated with a deeper and more stationary 500-hPa longwave trough centered over the southwestern United States at event onset. This trough supports sustained flow of warm, moist air from within the planetary boundary layer over the Gulf of Mexico northward into the warm layer. The short-duration cases are instead characterized by a more transient upper-level trough axis centered over the south-central U.S. region at onset. Following event onset, rapid passage of the trough leads to quasigeostrophic forcing for descent and the advection of cold, dry air that erodes the warm layer and ends precipitation. While trajectories ending in the cold layer are very similar between the two categories, those ending in the warm layer have a longer history over the Gulf of Mexico in the extreme cases compared with the short-duration ones, resulting in warmer and moister onset warm layers.

scholarly journals Synoptic Characteristics of Surge-Producing Extratropical Cyclones along the Northeast Coast of the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arielle J. Catalano ◽  
Anthony J. Broccoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones

AbstractExtratropical cyclones (ETCs) are responsible for most of the large storm-surge events in the northeastern United States. This study uses the ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the twentieth century (ERA-20C) and NOAA tide gauge data to examine the local, regional, and large-scale atmospheric circulation accompanying the 100 largest ETC-driven surge events at three locations along the northeastern coast of the United States: Sewells Point (Norfolk), Virginia; the Battery (New York City), New York; and Boston, Massachusetts. Results from a k-means cluster analysis indicate that the largest surges are generated when slowly propagating ETCs encounter a strong anticyclone, which produces a tighter pressure gradient and longer duration of onshore winds. The strength of the anticyclone is evident in the middle and upper troposphere where there are positive 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies overlying the surface anticyclone for the majority of clusters and nearly all of the five biggest surge events. Multiple clusters feature a slower-than-average storm and a strong anticyclone, indicating that various circulation scenarios can produce a large storm surge. This favorable environment for large surge events is influenced by well-known modes of climate variability including El Niño, the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern. ETCs are more likely to produce a large surge during El Niño conditions, which have been shown to enhance the East Coast storm track. At Boston and the Battery, maximum surge occurs preferentially during the positive phase of PNA and the negative phases of AO/NAO.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

Inequality in the Promised Land

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sharif Uddin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Minority Students ◽  
Doctoral Dissertation ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
Land Race ◽  
The Relationship

Inequality in the promised land: Race, resources, and suburban schooling is a well-written book by L’ Heureux Lewis-McCoy. The book is based on Lewis-McCoy’s doctoral dissertation, that included an ethnographic study in a suburban area named Rolling Acres in the Midwestern United States. Lewis-McCoy studied the relationship between families and those families’ relationships with schools. Through this study, the author explored how invisible inequality and racism in an affluent suburban area became the barrier for racial and economically minority students to grow up academically. Lewis-McCoy also discovered the hope of the minority community for raising their children for a better future.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

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