Cloud Seeding and Crops Yields: Evaluation of the North Dakota Cloud Modification Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Knowles ◽  
Mark Skidmore
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cloud Seeding ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
Hail Damage ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
June July ◽  
Insurance Data

AbstractThe North Dakota Cloud Modification Project was established in 1951 to reduce severe hail damage and increase precipitation in specific counties in North Dakota. Every year, participating counties receive cloud seeding treatment during the months of June, July, and August. Although some atmospheric studies have examined the efficacy of the treatment, few have used statistical procedures to determine how the program affected crop yields and crop losses. We use the panel nature of historical cloud seeding participation and crop data to estimate a two-way fixed effects regression with county-specific time trends to examine the effect of cloud seeding on wheat and barley yields. In addition, we use federal crop insurance data to estimate the effect of cloud seeding on losses for those same crops. Our evaluation indicates that the cloud seeding program had significant positive effects on crop yields and improved loss ratios.

Brain drain and economic growth: evidence of productivity growth from brain circulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-145
Author(s):  
Woosik Yu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Brain

This paper analyzes the effect of the so-called ‘brain drain’ on economic growth through the channel of growth in total factor productivity. We analyze panel data that measure the severity of brain drain, which are from IMD and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Our analysis shows that middle-income countries have more brain drain compared to the group of high-income countries. Also, emerging economies that grow fast tend to experience more brain drain. Our results from fixed effects regression models show that that brain drain has a significant and positive impact on economic growth, and the main channel is productivity growth. This can be considered as evidence of the positive effects of ‘brain circulation’, which is one of the brain drain phenomena that settlement of the talents in advanced countries can eventually help improve the productivity of home country by the sharing of advanced technologies and skills around them with colleagues in motherland. Therefore, a strategy of utilizing overseas resident talents should also be considered, alongside the brain-attraction policy.

scholarly journals By the sweat of their brow? The effects of starting work again after pension age on life satisfaction in Germany and the United Kingdom

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS LUX ◽  
SIMONE SCHERGER
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Pension Age ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the employment rates of people of pension age have increased considerably. However, longitudinal evidence on the effects of this employment on wellbeing which might contribute to an evaluation of this late-life work is scarce. Based on empirical findings so far and on theoretical approaches to wellbeing, work and retirement, both negative and positive effects of post-retirement work on life satisfaction are plausible. In this paper, we investigate the effects of taking up work again between the ages of 65 and 75 on life satisfaction in different occupational classes in Germany and the United Kingdom. We expect that not only the heterogeneous conditions and experiences of working are crucial for the consequences that post-retirement work has for life satisfaction, but also the institutional arrangements surrounding this form of work. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the British Household Panel Survey, covering the 1990s and 2000s. Based on fixed-effects regression modelling, we find positive effects of working in both countries, although not all effects are significant. Differentiating by the class of the job in which the older person works, we find mainly positive effects and no significant differences between those who work in a lower-class job and all others. In addition, we find that the positive effect of working on life satisfaction is partly explained by increased satisfaction with household income for those working in a lower-class job in the United Kingdom. We conclude that many of the pessimistic assumptions about people working after pension age cannot be confirmed for our time of observation. However, there are several reasons for believing that the results will be different in the future or for differently defined populations of people working past pension age.

An Exploratory Analysis of Crop Hail Insurance Data for Evidence of Cloud Seeding Effects in North Dakota

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Smith ◽  
L. Ronald Johnson ◽  
David L. Priegnitz ◽  
Bruce A. Boe ◽  
Paul W. Mielke
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Cloud Seeding ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
Seeding Effects

June 2002 floods in the Red River of the North basin in northeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg J. Wiche ◽  
K.G. Guttormson ◽  
S.M. Robinson ◽  
G.B. Mitton ◽  
B.J. Bramer
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Red River ◽  
The North

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maidanovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

Satellite Data Based Soil Water Index as a Tool to Monitor Droughts and Agricultural Crisis -An Example of Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Vijendra Boken
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Farmer Suicides ◽  
June July

Yavatmal is one of the drought prone districts in Maharashtra state of India and has witnessed an agricultural crisis to the extent that hundreds of its farmers have committed suicides in recent years. Satellite data based products have previously been used globally for monitoring and predicting of drought, but not for monitoring their extreme impacts that may include farmer-suicides. In this study, the performance of the Soil Water Index (SWI) derived from the surface soil moisture estimated by the European Space Agency’s Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) is assessed. Using the 2007-2015 data, it was found that the relationship of the SWI anomaly was bit stronger (coefficient. of correlation = 0.59) with the meteorological drought or precipitation than with the agricultural drought or crop yields of major crops (coefficient. of correlation = 0.50).  The farmer-suicide rate was better correlated with the SWI anomaly averaged annually than with the SWI anomaly averaged only for the monsoon months (June, July, August, and September). The correlation between the SWI averaged annually increased to 0.89 when the averages were taken for three years, with the highest correlation occurring between the suicide rate and the SWI anomaly averaged for three years. However, a positive relationship between SWI and the suicide rate indicated that drought was not a major factor responsible for suicide occurrence and other possible factors responsible for suicide occurrence need to examine in detail.

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