Hearing Gender: Voice-Based Gender Classification Processes and Transgender Health Inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Lagos
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Gender Classification ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Original Survey ◽  
Average Marginal Effects ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Transgender Men

This study examines the link between self-rated health and two aspects of gender: an individual’s gender identity, and whether strangers classify that person’s voice as male or female. In a phone-based general health survey, interviewers classified the sex of transgender women ( n = 722) and transgender men ( n = 446) based on assumptions they made after hearing respondents’ voices. The flawed design of the original survey produced inconsistent sex classification among transgender men and transgender women respondents; this study repurposes these discrepancies to look more closely at the implications of voice-based gender classification for the health of transgender men and women. Average marginal effects from logistic regression models show transgender men who are classified as women based on their voices are more likely to report poor self-rated health compared to transgender men who are classified as men. Conversely, transgender women who are classified as men are less likely to report poor self-rated health than are transgender women who are classified as women. Additionally, Black transgender men are more likely than any other group to be classified inconsistently with their gender identity, suggesting a link between race/ethnicity and gender perception.

Unmet Healthcare Need Due to Cost Concerns among U.S. Transgender and Gender-Expansive Adults: Results from a National Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Kcomt ◽  
Kevin M Gorey ◽  
Betty Jo Barrett ◽  
Dana S Levin ◽  
Jill Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Healthcare Need ◽  
Transgender Men

Abstract This study examines past-year unmet healthcare need due to cost experienced by transgender and gender-expansive (TGE) adults in the United States in the context of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). It also aims to estimate the importance of having health insurance among TGE Americans (transgender men, transgender women, nonbinary/genderqueer people, and cross-dressers). Data were from the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (N = 19,157 adults, aged 25 to 64 years). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) of TGE individuals’ past-year unmet healthcare need due to cost. Although the majority (86.8 percent) reported seeing a doctor or healthcare provider in the past year, 32.1 percent reported past-year unmet healthcare need due to cost. One in six respondents (17.1 percent) was uninsured and almost one-third (29.8 percent) were at/near poverty. The prevalence of unmet healthcare need was greater among the uninsured (65.1 percent) than among the insured (25.2 percent). Compared with transgender women, nonbinary/genderqueer people (AOR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.18, 1.46]) and transgender men (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.18, 1.42]) had greater odds of unmet healthcare need due to cost. Social workers can lobby to fully enact the ACA by underscoring affordability and availability as important dimensions of healthcare access for TGE populations.

Comparing the Health of Transgender Women, Transgender Men, and Gender Non-Conforming Individuals Using Population-Level Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arryn A. Guy ◽  
Wren Yoder ◽  
Kelly Manser ◽  
Stephen D. Ramos ◽  
Steve N. Du Bois
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Transgender Men

Converging evidence indicates transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals generally experience poorer health than their cisgender counterparts. Less is known about TGNC health across gender identity subgroups. Extant work has yielded mixed findings, precluding conclusions regarding the comparative health of transgender women, transgender men, and gender non-conforming individuals. Additionally, this work is limited methodologically, e.g., utilizing convenience samples and operationalizing “transgender” differently across studies. This study aims to improve upon these limitations, and more broadly add to the literature on within-group health differences among TGNC individuals. We used 2016 U.S. population-level data (N = 1,117), conducting MANCOVA (multivariate analysis of covariance) and logistic regression to compare the health of transgender women, transgender men, and GNC individuals. Health outcomes of mental and physical health, substance use, and healthcare access/utilization were selected based on empirical and theoretical support for their relevance to TGNC health. We also completed interaction analyses to test the intersectional effects on health of gender identity and emergent sociodemographic variables, e.g. race/ethnicity. Across TGNC subgroups, individuals reported similar alcohol use, mental health, and healthcare access/utilization. Transgender men reported worse physical health than their counterparts, and GNC individuals reported lower smoking prevalence than their counterparts. Interaction analyses by race/ethnicity indicated Hispanic transgender women reported worse physical health than other Hispanic TGNC individuals, while Black transgender men, Multiracial GNC individuals, and Hispanic transgender women reported worse mental health than some of their intra-racial/ethnic TGNC counterparts. Findings add to the growing literature on TGNC health and highlight TGNC subgroups that may be vulnerable regarding mental and physical health.

Race, Ethnicity and Gender Identity Discrimination in Access to Mental Health Care

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Fumarco ◽  
Eva Dils ◽  
Ben Harrell ◽  
David Schwegman ◽  
Patrick Button
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

scholarly journals How Do People Perceive Sexual Harassment Targeting Transgender Women, Lesbians, and Straight Cisgender Women?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Mezzapelle ◽  
Anna Reiman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Gender Harassment ◽  
Lesbian Woman ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Male Colleague ◽  
And Gender

Third-party observers’ opinions affect how organizations handle sexual harassment. Prior research has focused on perceptions of sexual harassment targeting straight cisgender women. We examined how targets’ sexual orientation and gender identity impact these perceptions. In three preregistered studies, straight cisgender participants imagined a coworker confided that a male colleague had sexually harassed her. The target was a transgender woman, a lesbian woman, or a woman whose sexual orientation and gender identity were unspecified. In Study 1 (N=428), participants reported believing that sexual harassment targeting lesbians and women with unspecified identities was most likely motivated by attraction and power, whereas sexual harassment targeting transgender women was seen as most likely motivated by power and prejudice. Despite these differences in perceived motivation, in Study 2 (N=421) perceptions of appropriate consequences for the perpetrator did not vary based on the target’s identity. Study 3 (N=473) demonstrated that the specific behavior of which sexual harassment is assumed to consist differs based on the target’s identity. Whereas women with unspecified identities and lesbians were assumed to face stereotypical attraction-based harassment, transgender women were assumed to face gender harassment. Stereotypes about sexual harassment can bias third-party assumptions, invalidating experiences that do not match pervasive stereotypes.

scholarly journals EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND YOUNG ADULT HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: DIFFERENCES BY RACE AND GENDER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S591-S591
Author(s):  
Grace A Noppert
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Young Adult Health ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract There is compelling evidence to suggest that educational disparities in health differ by both race and gender. This study examines the relationship between respondents’ education and six health outcomes related to cardiometabolic and inflammatory outcomes using data from Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ages 24-32 years; N = 13,458). We used logistic regression models to examine the relationship between education and the odds of each health outcome. Models were stratified by race and gender. We found that the association between education and each health outcome differed by race/ethnicity and gender. While among whites we observed an association between education and each health outcome, for blacks we observed no such associations. It may be that the benefits of education are particularly salient for those in more structurally advantaged positions, pointing to the continued need to address structural inequalities by both gender and race.

Likes attract: Students self-sort in a classroom by gender, demography, and academic characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Freeman ◽  
Roddy Theobald ◽  
Alison J Crowe ◽  
Mary Pat Wenderoth
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Academic Characteristics ◽  
Final Grade ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Informal Group ◽  
Academic History ◽  
Working Together ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Although a growing literature has documented the effectiveness of informal group work during class sessions, virtually no data exist on which students are collaborating. As a result, instructors rarely know whether students are self-sorting in ways that maximize learning. This article explores which undergraduate students worked together on each of five exercises scheduled throughout the term, in a large-enrollment course for majors that emphasized intensive peer interaction. Pairwise logistic regression models were used to assess the likelihood that students collaborated based on shared demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and academic performance. In almost all cases, students self-sorted by ethnicity and gender. In addition, students who were predicted to do well in the course, based on their academic history, worked together initially; students who actually did well in the course, based on their final grade, were working together at the end; and students who were predicted to struggle in the course began collaborating late in the term.

Race, Ethnicity and Gender Identity Discrimination in Access to Mental Health Care

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Fumarco ◽  
Eva Dils ◽  
Ben Harrell ◽  
David Schwegman ◽  
Patrick Button
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

scholarly journals Measuring Satisfaction and Comfort with Gender Identity and Gender Expression among Transgender Women: Development and Validation of the Psychological Gender Affirmation Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3298
Author(s):  
Jae M. Sevelius ◽  
Deepalika Chakravarty ◽  
Samantha E. Dilworth ◽  
Greg Rebchook ◽  
Torsten B. Neilands
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Gender Expression ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Gender Affirmation ◽  
Psychological Gender ◽  
And Gender

Among transgender and gender diverse people, psychological gender affirmation is an internal sense of valuing oneself as a transgender or gender diverse person, being comfortable with one’s gender identity, and feeling satisfied with one’s body and gender expression. Gender affirmation can reduce gender dysphoria and mitigate deleterious health effects of marginalization. We sought to create an instrument to measure psychological gender affirmation among transgender women. Following initial item development using qualitative interviews, we used self-administered survey data from two distinct samples (N1 = 278; N2 = 368) of transgender women living with HIV in the USA. We used data from Study 1 to perform exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and data from Study 2 to perform confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), yielding the five-item single-factor Psychological Gender Affirmation (PGA) scale with high reliability (α = 0.88). This scale is psychometrically sound as demonstrated by its convergent and discriminant validity via correlations with select measures and by its predictive validity through associations in hypothesized directions with measures of mental health and substance use. The PGA scale will aid research on psychological gender affirmation that can in turn inform interventions as well as gender-affirming clinical and social practices to promote the health and well-being of transgender and gender diverse people.

scholarly journals Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender minority populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Nagata ◽  
Emilio J. Compte ◽  
F. Hunter McGuire ◽  
Jason M. Lavender ◽  
Tiffany A. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Drive For Muscularity ◽  
Gender Minority ◽  
Community Norms ◽  
Gender Minorities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Pride Study ◽  
Transgender Men

Abstract Purpose Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of heightened body image-related concerns among gender minority populations, little is known about the degree of MD symptoms among gender minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to assess community norms of the MDDI in gender-expansive people, transgender men, and transgender women. Method Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people, were examined. We calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores among gender-expansive people (i.e., those who identify outside of the binary system of man or woman; n = 1023), transgender men (n = 326), and transgender women (n = 177). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess group differences and post hoc Dunn’s tests were used to examine pairwise differences. Results Transgender men reported the highest mean MDDI total score (30.5 ± 7.5), followed by gender-expansive people (27.2 ± 6.7), then transgender women (24.6 ± 5.7). The differences in total MDDI score were driven largely by the Drive for Size subscale and, to a lesser extent, the Functional Impairment subscale. There were no significant differences in the Appearance Intolerance subscale among the three groups. Conclusions Transgender men reported higher Drive for Size, Functional Impairment, and Total MDDI scores compared to gender-expansive people and transgender women. These norms provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among gender minorities and can aid researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of MDDI scores among gender minority populations.

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