Carbolic Acid before Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
John D. Ehrhardt ◽  
Don K. Nakayama ◽  
J. Patrick O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
Coal Tar ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Human Cadavers ◽  
Surgical Application ◽  
History Of ◽  
Carbolic Acid ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The University

Before Joseph Lister's landmark Lancet publications on the use of carbolic acid wound dressings in 1867, surgeons Jules Lemaire in France and Enrico Bottini in Italy had already used carbolic acid on hundreds of patients to control suppurative wounds. After Friedlieb Runge isolated it from coal tar in 1834, a number of scientists recognized the efficacy of carbolic acid in preventing decay and neutralizing the stench of dead animals and human cadavers. Frederick Calvert, Alexander McDougall, and Angus Smith in Manchester promoted a powdered form of carbolic acid as a deodorizing agent to treat municipal sewage across the United Kingdom, most notably during London's famous “Great Stink” of 1858. Edmond Corne in France introduced his formulation, which Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau, Ferdinand LeBeuf, and Lemaire adapted for clinical use in 1859. Lemaire wrote extensively on carbolic acid and its surgical application in three publications from 1860 to 1862. In 1866, Bottini published his experience of 600 cases where it was used. In 1865, Lister began to use carbolic acid in open fractures after Thomas Anderson, his colleague in agricultural chemistry at the University of Glasgow, told him about its use in Carlisle sewage works. This article traces the rich history of carbolic acid from an unknown compound in coal to the cornerstone of Listerism in late-19th–century operating rooms.

scholarly journals Patroni ulic i placów w miasteczku akademickim Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Kortowie

1970 ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
Joanna Maria Garbula Joanna Maria Garbula
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Places Of Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dairy Science ◽  
The Rich ◽  
A Site ◽  
The University ◽  
Rich History

This article revolves around the memory of a site, i.e. the past captured in sources, reported memories of witnesses of events and symbols. The examples of such places of memory examined here are the streets and squares on the UWM Kortowo campus. They consist of references to the past which has significance for contemporary times. The article consists of an introduction and two chapters. The introduction presents the rich history of Kortowo, spanning several centuries from the Old Prussian settlements to the establishment of the University of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the history of the streets and squares on the Kortowo campus from the time when, to make the academic community’s life easier, the university authorities gave names to the streets on the campus, following the specific faculties’ suggestions. The streets were named after M. Oczapowski (an agronomist, theorist of agriculture, pioneer of agricultural experimentation), R. Prawocheński (an expert in animal husbandry), J. Licznerski (a pioneer of modern dairy science), K. Obitz (Doctor of veterinary medicine, a journalist, a social activist in Masuria), J. Hevelius (an astronomer from Gdansk), B. Dybowski (a biologist and traveller), C. Kanafojski (Professor of automation in agriculture). Chapter 2 presents short biographies of three of the seven street patrons: B. Dybowski, K. Obitz and R. Prawocheński, who are the most characteristic and multi-dimensional figures. The names of the streets reflect the memory of the scientific, social and personal achievements of these individuals, at the same time justifying their selection as patrons.

THE FACES OF UNIVERSITY SPAIN IN THE STROGANOV LIBRARY: SPANISH HUMANIST HERNANDO NÚÑEZ DE GUZMÁN

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
Olga A. Zheravina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The University

The Spanish collection of the Stroganov Library reveals Spain as a country with a rich cultural heritage. The last owner of the family library, G.A. Stroganov, was the Russian ambassador to Spain, and his interest in Spanish subjects was reflected in the book collection. One of the most valuable publications is a series of engraved portraits of outstanding Spaniards, published from 1791 to 1819. As a cultural time-specific project of the Enlightenment era, this series reveals the value priorities of Spanish society, which allows us to understand its socio-cultural guidelines over a long historical period. An impressive share of the persons selected by the Spaniards among their outstanding representatives belongs to university figures. This speaks not only about the influence of the Age of Enlightenment, but also about the rich history of university tradition in Spain. The subject of our study is the figure of the Spanish humanist H. Núñez de Guzman (1475-1553). In his youth, he studied with Nebrija. In the College of St. Clement in Bologna he started studying the culture of classical Greece. After returning to Spain, he studied Hebrew and Arabic in Granada. He was invited by Cisneros to the University of Alcala to work on a project to create a multilingual Bible. At this university, which became an important center of Spanish humanism, he taught rhetoric and Greek. In 1524, he received a chair of Greek at the University of Salamanca, where he also taught Latin, rhetoric, and lectured on the "Natural History" of Pliny. In Salamanca, Núñez published commentaries on the works of Seneca (1529), Mela (1543) and Pliny (1544); he prepared a collection of proverbs in the Castilian language, which was published in 1555. A deep connoisseur of Latin and Greek, Núñez is considered the patriarch of the Spanish Hellenists. They were a cohort of humanists who, on Spanish soil, combined in their worldview the features of the outgoing Middle Ages and the ideas of the Renaissance. Núñez played a significant role in the development of the Greek language as a subject of study in Spanish universities. The Greek language, the knowledge of which nourished and developed humanistic upbringing and education, gets its spread in Spain during the life and activity of Núñez. In the series of portraits of outstanding Spaniards, the portrait of Núñez is placed in the fourteenth notebook, published in 1802.The engraved portrait is made by Esquivel according to the drawing of Engidanos. Núñez is depicted sitting in nature with an open book in his hands. In the biography attached to the portrait, it is noted that "few have more reason to be included in the list of outstanding people than Fernando Núñez de Guzman. His character, his erudition and behavior are an example of the highest honor." Núñez donated his valuable collection of books in Latin and Greek to the University of Salamanca. Núñez remains interesting for researchers today. The image and selfless devotion of the erudite continue to evoke deep respect, and the legacy left – gratitude.

The history of transport education in the exhibits of the Museum of the Russian University of Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
E. B. Kulikova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Post War ◽  
University Museum ◽  
The University ◽  
Historical Periods

One of the oldest transport universities in the country — the Russian University of Transport (RUT (MIIT)) — is 125 years old. The history of the university and transport education in general is reflected in the expositions of the university museum.The main historical periods of the development of the museum, starting from 1896, are noted: tsarist Russia, the soviet period until the Great Patriotic war of 1941-1945, the war and post-war years, the post-soviet period.The RUT Museum (MIIT), being the same age as the university, today is one of the oldest museums in Moscow. The collections of items collected in its funds are striking in their diversity and uniqueness. The museum has over 12,000 items, 7,000 of which are on permanent display for visitors. All cultural heritage sites are inextricably linked with the rich history of the university and the history of Russia. Most of the museum's collection is traditionally collected thanks to the help and support of the university staff, as well as its graduates from different years, who honor the traditions of the Alma mater and carefully preserve the history of the university for posterity.Taking into account the specifics of the museum, it is obvious that the number and themes of its expositions will only expand over time, which means that it will not lose its relevance for a very long time and will be of interest to guests of all ages and professions.

scholarly journals Long-term History in a Moroccan Oasis Zone: The Middle Draa Project 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Mattingly ◽  
Youssef Bokbot ◽  
Martin Sterry ◽  
Aurelie Cuénod ◽  
Corisande Fenwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Unknown Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Field Systems ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The University ◽  
Major Occupation

AbstractThis article describes the research questions and presents the initial ams dates of the Middle Draa Project (southern Morocco), a collaborative field survey project between the University of Leicester and the Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine (insap) of Morocco. Starting from a very low baseline of past archaeological research in this pre-desert valley, the overall objective of the project is to establish the extent, character and chronology of the rich archaeology of the Wadi Draa. The results presented here detail a hitherto unknown phase of major occupation in the Draa in the 4th-6th centuries ad evidenced by complex hilltop settlements and extensive cairn cemeteries (an initial typology is presented). A second medieval phase comprised major urban centres that are contemporary with the Almoravid and Almohad periods of Moroccan history. Alongside these urban centres, there are the remains of substantial mudbrick oasis settlements and irrigation and field-systems of a contemporary date. A key contribution of this paper concerns the construction of an outline chronology based upon initial analysis of the ceramics collected, but crucially supplemented and supported by a major program of ams dating. The remote sensing and field survey data collected by the project enable us to develop some hypotheses concerning the long-term history of this important oasis valley.

scholarly journals PROLOGUE: HISTORY OF THE TIV

Africa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold M. Bergsma
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Secondary School Principal ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Animal Names ◽  
Linguistic Challenges ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Ibadan

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a new translation of Akiga Sai's History of the Tiv, a manuscript completed in Tiv by Akiga in 1935. Portions of Akiga's text, translated and annotated by Rupert East, were first published in English by the International African Institute in 1939 as Akiga's Story. But the new translation, available in the online version of the journal, is the first complete one: no section of the Tiv manuscript has been omitted, and the order of the material has been left as originally written by Akiga. This article tells the story of how Harold Bergsma, when working as a secondary school principal in Nigeria, rescued the Tiv typescript from the rubbish bin and deposited it in the University of Ibadan library; and how, some forty-five years later, he assembled a team of Tiv intellectuals to undertake the task of translation. It reflects on some of the linguistic challenges presented by the Tiv text, and draws attention to the rich and varied information the work contains – on clans, genealogies, plant and animal names, food preparation, marriage customs, the religious practices of the Tiv, and Akiga's own experiences of childhood, family, and encounters with akombo and witchcraft. The article is complemented by selections from Chapters 8 and 9 of the new translation, chosen and annotated by Richard Fardon.

scholarly journals Odzyskać liberalizm. Recenzja książki Andrzeja Walickiego "Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii", Warszawa: Universitas 2013

2016 ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Fidelis
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Conservative Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The University

To Recover Liberalism. Review of a book by Andrzej Walicki Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (From the Communist Project to the Neoliberal Utopia), Warszawa: Universitas 2013This review discusses a recent book by Andrzej Walicki, Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (From the Communist Project to the Neoliberal Utopia) (Warszawa: Universitas 2013). The book features a collection of essays, interviews, and scholarly articles published by Walicki in academic and popular journals between 2001 and 2012. Topics include a history of the communist project in a broader European perspective; the significance and legacy of de-Stalinization in Poland, with a particular emphasis on what the author calls "the Polish road away from communism" after 1956; right-wing conservative politics in Poland after 1989, the politicization of the memory of communism; and possible directions for the development of the Polish Left as a necessary component of a healthy democratic system. The compelling scholarly discussion is often combined with autobiographical sketches of an intellectual who has been deeply engaged in intellectual and social life in postwar Poland. Walicki, a prominent intellectual and specialist on intellectual history, studied and worked in Warsaw until he emigrated to Australia and then the United States (The University of Notre Dame) in the 1980s. In that sense, Walicki provides a unique perspective on Polish history and culture, influenced by both Polish and American academic worlds and intellectual traditions. The strength of the book is its focus on the role of language and the manipulation of terms such as "communism" or "liberalism" by contemporary political leaders in Poland to achieve specific emotional reactions from the public. One of the central claims of the book is that Polish political elites have "distorted" the meaning of liberalism by connecting it solely to the free market rather than to the original idea of individual freedoms. In this way, the dominant conservative elites in Poland are able to depict human rights and the welfare state as alien to the “Polish” tradition, supposedly exclusively Catholic and socially conservative. Walicki points to the need to recover the rich history of the Polish Left as well as to restore the original meaning and value of liberalism in shaping Polish democracy. Odzyskać liberalizm. Recenzja książki Andrzeja Walickiego Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii, Warszawa: Universitas 2013Recenzja omawia najnowszą książkę Andrzeja Walickiego Od projektu komunistycznego do neoliberalnej utopii (Warszawa: Universitas 2013). Książka to zbiór esejów, wywiadów oraz artykułów naukowych publikowanych przez A. Walickiego zarówno w czasopismach naukowych, jak i popularnych w latach 2001-2012. Tematyka prac dotyczy: historii projektu komunistycznego w szerszej, europejskiej perspektywie; znaczenia i spuścizny destalinizacji w Polsce ze szczególnym naciskiem na to, co sam autor nazywa „polską drogą od komunizmu” po 1956 roku; prawicowej, konserwatywnej polityki w Polsce po roku 1989; polityzacji pamięci komunizmu oraz możliwych dróg rozwoju polskiej lewicy jako niezbędnego elementu zdrowego systemu demokratycznego.Interesująca dyskusja naukowa jest często połączona z autobiograficznymi szkicami autora, który angażował się w życie intelektualne i społeczne powojennej Polski. Andrzej Walicki, prominentny intelektualista i historyk idei, studiował i pracował naukowo na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim do lat osiemdziesiątych, kiedy wyemigrował do Australii, a następnie do USA na Uniwersytet Notre Dame. Z tego punktu widzenia Walicki dostarcza nam wyjątkowego spojrzenia na Polską historię i kulturę, ukształtowanego zarówno przez polską, jak i amerykańską tradycję intelektualną i oba akademickie światy. Siłą książki jest koncentracja autora na roli języka i manipulowaniu terminami takimi, jak „komunizm” czy „liberalizm”, przez współczesnych politycznych liderów w Polsce po to, aby osiągnąć określoną reakcję emocjonalną odbiorców. Jedno z kluczowych twierdzeń książki dotyczy zniekształcenia znaczenia pojęcia „liberalizm” przez polskie elity intelektualne i polityczne poprzez połączenie go wyłącznie z wolnym rynkiem zamiast z oryginalną ideą wolności jednostki. W ten sposób dominujące konserwatywne elity w Polsce są w stanie przedstawić prawa człowieka oraz państwo opiekuńcze jako obce „polskiej” tradycji, z założenia wyłącznie katolickiej i społecznie konserwatywnej. Walicki wskazuje na potrzebę ponownego odkrycia bogatej historii polskiej lewicy, przywrócenia pierwotnych wartości liberalizmowi i odrestaurowania jego znaczenia w kształtowaniu polskiej demokracji.

The Dr. and Mrs. Wyatt T. Walker Collection

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor McNeilly
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
South African ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Black Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Music Audio ◽  
The University ◽  
Tree Image

Wyatt Tee Walker died in January 2018. Deservedly celebratory obituaries in major newspapers noted his heroic efforts as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement, as an aide and confidant to Martin Luther King Jr., as an internationally renowned activist against South African apartheid, and as chair of the Central Harlem Local Development Corporation. Yet they barely scratch the surface of the networks of accompaniment, instruction, apprenticeship, and affiliation that made his life meaningful. Fortunately, there is a full archive of the rich complexity of Walker’s life at the University of Richmond Boatwright Library. It contains a treasure trove of works of visual art, recorded music, audio- and videotaped speeches, books, miscellaneous objects, and the remarkable Music Tree image that Walker created to depict visually the history of Black music. Kalfou solicited a description of that collection from archivist Taylor McNeilly. We publish it in this issue in the hope that the archive will be accessed regularly and fully by the academics, artists, and activists who read this journal, and that they will find in it ways to appreciate the range and scope of Walker’s achievements and to emulate them through immersion in the plural and diverse activities that make the Black Radical Tradition possible.

Transforming plans into community impact: Strategic planning as service-learning in public and nonprofit administration graduate programs

2020 ◽  
pp. 014473942092938
Author(s):  
David Mitchell ◽  
Gregg Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Service Learning ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
Community Impact ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Nonprofit Administration ◽  
Strategic Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The University

Service-learning is highly praised as a successful pedagogical tool for students’ learning. Benefits are attributed to students, the university, and the community. However, the literature also cautions that the benefits of service-learning are largely assumed without empirical testing, warranting a closer review of this pedagogical method. The purpose of this research is to investigate how previously identified service-learning best practices affect the level of strategic impact for community partners. The study utilizes the rich and varied 20-year history of a strategic planning service-learning course at the University of Central Florida School of Public Administration to test these relationships, producing evidence to demonstrate that group team structure and the designation of a service-learning director do indeed improve partner outcomes while longer semesters and greater organizational capacity may not. Ultimately, the study endorses a programmatic approach to service-learning that transcends a particular assignment or course, requiring significant attention, investment, and evaluation to ensure positive community impact—especially in cases where broader university service-learning resources are lacking.

scholarly journals Visualizing Kitchener: Geocoding Historical Street Information

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Eva Dodsworth ◽  
Markus Wieland ◽  
Nolan Pilozo-Hibbit
Keyword(s):  
Historical Maps ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
The People ◽  
Fire Insurance ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The University

When studying and investigating the history of a property or neighbourhood, common resources often sought by researchers include air photos, fire insurance plans and historical maps. These will provide information about what an area looked like, often offering the building’s footprint and surrounding landscape. Timespan studies will no doubt show growth, development and possibly changes to the buildings of interest. But what the rich resources don’t tell the researcher is information about the people connected to those buildings. Who lived or worked there? What did they do for a living? Did they move often? Did they change jobs regularly? These types of questions can’t be answered with just maps alone as they require a detailed census to go along with it. To fill this type of need, Geospatial Centre staff at the University of Waterloo Library embarked on a massive-scale digitization and geo-location city directory project – one that had started in 2019, has involved at least 40 staff members, and still has a couple years to go before completion. This paper will summarize the project thus far, with a focus on the journey of geocoding historical streets.

scholarly journals A FILM CRITIC'S VIEW VERSUS A HISTORIAN'S VIEW ON SOVIET HISTORICAL MOVIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
V. V. Ustyugova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Historical Films ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
Film Making

The article analyzes Yuri Tsivian's book “On the Approaches to Carpalistics. Movement and Gesture in Litera-ture, Art, and Film” (2010), which is a continuation of an earlier project of the famous Russian and American film scholar and a representative of the Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School and Film Studies at the University of Chicago – the study “Historical Reception of Cinema: Cinematography in Russia, 1895–1930” published in Riga in 1991. Tsivian introduces the notion of “carpalistics” into cinematography to denote one of the fundamental and formative principles of cinema – gesture. The author investigates the history of gestures in art, especially in the Russian avant-garde of the 1920s. The Soviet avant-garde cinema, in contrast to the pre-revolutionary anti-montage cinema, was dominated by montage, but it was too early to bury the gesture. The article compares, on the one hand, the approach-es of historians who analyze the ideologemes and ideological markers of historical films and identify the “second” mythological film-reality of Soviet history (a vivid example of such optics is the study “Museum of the Revolu-tion. Soviet Cinema and the Stalinist Historical Narrative” by Evgeny Dobrenko), and, on the other hand, the ap-proaches of film scholars who work with film-frames and sources of film-making (ego-documents, scripted vari-ants, montage sheets, film versions, etc.). On the example of the analysis of Sergei Eisenstein's films “October” and “Ivan the Terrible”, Tsivian shows the author's meanings, independent from the state order, in the rich system of references in films, and sees the secret writing of historical and cultural contexts inherent in them.

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