Cepstral Peak Prominence: A More Reliable Measure of Dysphonia

2003 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda D. Heman-Ackah ◽  
Deirdre D. Michael ◽  
Margaret M. Baroody ◽  
Rosemary Ostrowski ◽  
James Hillenbrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Predictor ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Voice Changes ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
First Time ◽  
Harmonic Ratio

Quantification of perceptual voice characteristics allows the assessment of voice changes. Acoustic measures of jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR) are often unreliable. Measures of cepstral peak prominence (CPP) may be more reliable predictors of dysphonia. Trained listeners analyzed voice samples from 281 patients. The NHR, amplitude perturbation quotient, smoothed pitch perturbation quotient, percent jitter, and CPP were obtained from sustained vowel phonation, and the CPP was obtained from running speech. For the first time, normal and abnormal values of CPP were defined, and they were compared with other acoustic measures used to predict dysphonia. The CPP for running speech is a good predictor and a more reliable measure of dysphonia than are acoustic measures of jitter, shimmer, and NHR.

Evaluation of Acoustic Analyses of Voice in Nonoptimized Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 3991-3999
Author(s):  
Benjamin van der Woerd ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
Vijay Parsa ◽  
Philip C. Doyle ◽  
Kevin Fung
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Environment Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Recording Conditions ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the fidelity and accuracy of a smartphone microphone and recording environment on acoustic measurements of voice. Method A prospective cohort proof-of-concept study. Two sets of prerecorded samples (a) sustained vowels (/a/) and (b) Rainbow Passage sentence were played for recording via the internal iPhone microphone and the Blue Yeti USB microphone in two recording environments: a sound-treated booth and quiet office setting. Recordings were presented using a calibrated mannequin speaker with a fixed signal intensity (69 dBA), at a fixed distance (15 in.). Each set of recordings (iPhone—audio booth, Blue Yeti—audio booth, iPhone—office, and Blue Yeti—office), was time-windowed to ensure the same signal was evaluated for each condition. Acoustic measures of voice including fundamental frequency ( f o ), jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP), were generated using a widely used analysis program (Praat Version 6.0.50). The data gathered were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Two separate data sets were used. The set of vowel samples included both pathologic ( n = 10) and normal ( n = 10), male ( n = 5) and female ( n = 15) speakers. The set of sentence stimuli ranged in perceived voice quality from normal to severely disordered with an equal number of male ( n = 12) and female ( n = 12) speakers evaluated. Results The vowel analyses indicated that the jitter, shimmer, HNR, and CPP were significantly different based on microphone choice and shimmer, HNR, and CPP were significantly different based on the recording environment. Analysis of sentences revealed a statistically significant impact of recording environment and microphone type on HNR and CPP. While statistically significant, the differences across the experimental conditions for a subset of the acoustic measures (viz., jitter and CPP) have shown differences that fell within their respective normative ranges. Conclusions Both microphone and recording setting resulted in significant differences across several acoustic measurements. However, a subset of the acoustic measures that were statistically significant across the recording conditions showed small overall differences that are unlikely to have clinical significance in interpretation. For these acoustic measures, the present data suggest that, although a sound-treated setting is ideal for voice sample collection, a smartphone microphone can capture acceptable recordings for acoustic signal analysis.

scholarly journals Common Terminology and Acoustic Measures for Human Voice and Birdsong

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Areen Badwal ◽  
JoHanna Poertner ◽  
Robin A. Samlan ◽  
Julie E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Song Analysis ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Standard Terminology ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Purpose The zebra finch is used as a model to study the neural circuitry of auditory-guided human vocal production. The terminology of birdsong production and acoustic analysis, however, differs from human voice production, making it difficult for voice researchers of either species to navigate the literature from the other. The purpose of this research note is to identify common terminology and measures to better compare information across species. Method Terminology used in the birdsong literature will be mapped onto terminology used in the human voice production literature. Measures typically used to quantify the percepts of pitch, loudness, and quality will be described. Measures common to the literature in both species will be made from the songs of 3 middle-age birds using Praat and Song Analysis Pro. Two measures, cepstral peak prominence (CPP) and Wiener entropy (WE), will be compared to determine if they provide similar information. Results Similarities and differences in terminology and acoustic analyses are presented. A core set of measures including frequency, frequency variability within a syllable, intensity, CPP, and WE are proposed for future studies. CPP and WE are related yet provide unique information about the syllable structure. Conclusions Using a core set of measures familiar to both human voice and birdsong researchers, along with both CPP and WE, will allow characterization of similarities and differences among birds. Standard terminology and measures will improve accessibility of the birdsong literature to human voice researchers and vice versa. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7438964

scholarly journals Cepstral Characteristics of Voice before, during and after Menopause: A Cross-sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
Radish Kumar Balasubramanium ◽  
Jayashree S Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Voice Changes ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Perimenopausal Women ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
The Voice

ABSTRACT Background Previous studies on effects of menopause on voice characteristics have not compared the voice characteristics before, during and after menopause. It is also possible that these voice changes cannot be captured by traditional acoustic measures such as frequency and amplitude perturbation measures. Hence a robust acoustic tool such as cepstrum was chosen to capture these vocal changes before, during and after menopause and hence the present study was attempted. Method The present study followed a cross-sectional study design. The participants consisted of 25 premenopausal women, 25 perimenopausal women and 25 postmenopausal women. Sustained production of/a/ and narration was recorded using Z tool and cepstral peak prominence (CPP) and smoothened cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) was analyzed. Results The results of one-way ANOVA revealed that there was a significant main effect of the group at p < 0.05 for all the cepstral measures targeted in the study. Post hoc analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between pre and perimenopausal women for all the cepstral measures at p < 0.05. However, there was a significant difference between pre and postmenopausal women and peri and postmenopausal women at p < 0.05. These results suggests that postmenopausal women had overall good voice quality than pre and perimenopausal women. Conclusion Results indicated that post menopausal women had increased cepstral measures when compared to pre and perimenopausal women. Further, studies are required to correlate laryngeal examination and hormonal levels with that of the voice changes before, during and after menopausal women. How to cite this article Balasubramanium RK, Bhat JS. Cepstral Characteristics of Voice before, during and after Menopause: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(2):50-54.

scholarly journals Relationship of Cepstral Peak Prominence-Smoothed and Long-Term Average Spectrum with Auditory–Perceptual Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Emygdio da Silva Antonetti ◽  
Larissa Thais Donalonso Siqueira ◽  
Maria Paula de Almeida Gobbo ◽  
Alcione Ghedini Brasolotto ◽  
Kelly Cristina Alves Silverio
Keyword(s):  
Voice Quality ◽  
Perceptual Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Average Spectrum ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Perceptual Characteristics ◽  
Robust Measures ◽  
Glottal Source ◽  
Relationship Of

Cepstral peak prominence-smoothed (CPPs) and long-term average spectrum (LTAS) are robust measures that represent the glottal source and source-filter interactions, respectively. Until now, little has been known about how physiological events impact auditory–perceptual characteristics in the objective measures of CPPs and LTAS (alpha ratio; L1–L0). Thus, this paper aims to analyze the relationship between such acoustic measures and auditory–perceptual analysis and then determine which acoustic measure best represents voice quality. We analyzed 53 voice samples of vocally healthy participants (vocally healthy group-VHG) and 49 voice samples of participants with behavioral dysphonia (dysphonic group-DG). Each voice sample was composed of sustained vowel /a/ and connected speech. CPPs seem to be the best predictor of voice deviation in both studied populations because there was moderate to strong negative correlations with general degree, breathiness, roughness, and strain (auditory–perceptual parameters). Regarding L1–L0, this measure is related to breathiness (moderate negative correlations). Hence, L1–L0 provides information about air leak through closed glottis, assisting the phonatory efficiency analysis.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Speech and Voice: Spectral and Cepstral Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-660
Author(s):  
Sammi Taylor ◽  
Christopher Dromey ◽  
Shawn L. Nissen ◽  
Kristine Tanner ◽  
Dennis Eggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Spectral Kurtosis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Speaking Fundamental Frequency

Purpose This study examined differences in selected acoustic measures of speech and voice according to age and sex and across families. Method Participants included 169 individuals, 79 men and 90 women, from 18 families, ranging in age from 17 to 87 years. Participants reported no history of articulation disorders, stroke or active neurologic disease, or severe-to-profound hearing loss. They read aloud two passages to facilitate examination of the following speech and voice acoustic parameters: fricative spectral moments (center of gravity, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis), the proportion of time spent speaking, mean speaking fundamental frequency, semitone standard deviation (STSD), and cepstral peak prominence smoothed. Results The results indicated a significant age effect for fricative spectral center of gravity, spectral skewness, and speaking STSD. There was a significant sex effect for spectral center of gravity, spectral kurtosis, and mean fundamental frequency. Familial relationship was significant for spectral skewness, STSD, and cepstral peak prominence smoothed. Conclusions These findings revealed that certain speech and voice features change with age and some change differently for men and women. Additionally, speakers from the same family units may demonstrate similar patterns for prosody, voicing, and articulatory behavior. The results also demonstrated normal differences in speech and voice variation across age, sex, and family unit. Understanding patterns and differences across these demographic variables in healthy speakers is important to distinguishing more confidently between normal and disordered speech and voice patterns clinically.

scholarly journals Test–Retest Reliability of Relative Fundamental Frequency and Conventional Acoustic, Aerodynamic, and Perceptual Measures in Individuals With Healthy Voices

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1707-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonggwang Park ◽  
Cara E. Stepp
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Relative Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Purpose Recent studies have shown that an acoustic measure, relative fundamental frequency (RFF), has potential for the assessment of excessive laryngeal tension and vocal effort associated with functional and neurological voice disorders. This study presents an analysis of the test–retest reliability of RFF in individuals with healthy voices and a comparison of reliability between RFF and conventional measures of voice. Method Acoustic and aerodynamic measurements and Consensus Auditory–Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) were performed on 28 individuals with healthy voices on 5 consecutive days. Participants produced RFF stimuli, a sustained /ɑ/, and a reading passage to allow for extraction of acoustic measures and CAPE-V ratings; /pa/ trains were produced to allow for extraction of aerodynamic measures. Results Moderate reliabilities (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .64–.71) were found for RFF values. Mean vocal fundamental frequency, smoothed cepstral peak prominence, shimmer, harmonics-to-noise ratio, and mean airflow rate exhibited good-to-excellent reliabilities (ICC = .76–.99). ICCs for jitter and phonation threshold pressure were moderately reliable (ICC = .67–.74). ICCs for subglottal pressure estimates and all CAPE-V parameters showed poor reliabilities (ICC = .31–.58). Conclusion RFF has comparable reliability to conventional measures of voice. This expands the potential for clinical application of RFF. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8233376

scholarly journals Effects of Laryngeal Massage on Muscle Tension Dysphonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Jaeock Kim
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Muscle Tension Dysphonia ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Harmonic Ratio

Background and Objectives This study was to investigate the voice quality and articulation effects of laryngeal massage on muscle tension dysphonia (MTD).Materials and Method A systematic review of articles published between January 2000 and December 2020 in Cochrane, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpingerLink, ERIC, and Naver Academic was conducted. From the total of 2094 articles identified, 10 peer-reviewed articles were included in a meta-analysis. Mean effect sizes of the variables related to voice quality (jitter, shimmer, harmonic to noise ratio or noise to harmonic ratio, high-F0, low-I, cepstral peak prominence) and articulation (F1, F2, F1 slope, F2 slope) were calculated by Hedges’g.Results Meta-analysis of the selected articles showed that laryngeal massage had medium to large effects on all variables of voice quality and articulation except F0-high and F1 slope in the MTD patients.Conclusion This study provided comprehensive clinical evidence that it is highly desirable to apply laryngeal massage to MTD patients.

scholarly journals Effects of Fundamental Frequency, Vocal Intensity, Sample Duration, and Vowel Context in Cepstral and Spectral Measures of Dysphonic Voices

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1326-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília Sampaio ◽  
Maria Lúcia Vaz Masson ◽  
Maria Francisca de Paula Soares ◽  
Jörg Edgar Bohlender ◽  
Meike Brockmann-Bauser
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Sample Duration ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Vowel Context ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Cepstral Peak Prominence ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Voice Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Syllable Stress

Purpose Smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS) and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR) are acoustic measures related to the periodicity, harmonicity, and noise components of an acoustic signal. To date, there is little evidence about the advantages of CPPS over HNR in voice diagnostics. Recent studies indicate that voice fundamental frequency (F0) and intensity (sound pressure level [SPL]), sample duration (DUR), vowel context (speech vs. sustained phonation), and syllable stress (SS) may influence CPPS and HNR results. The scope of this work was to investigate the effects of voice F0 and SPL, DUR, SS, and token on CPPS and HNR in dysphonic voices. Method In this retrospective study, 27 Brazilian Portuguese speakers with voice disorders were investigated. Recordings of sustained vowels (SVs) /a:/ and manually extracted vowels (EVs) /a/ from Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice sentences were acoustically analyzed with the Praat program. Results There was a highly significant effect of F0, SPL, and DUR on both CPPS and HNR ( p < .001), whereas SS and vowel context significantly affected CPPS only ( p < .05). Higher SPL, F0, and lower DUR were related to higher CPPS and HNR. SVs moderately-to-highly correlated with EVs for CPPS, whereas HNR had few and moderate correlations. In addition, CPPS and HNR highly correlated in SVs and seven EVs ( p < .05). Conclusion Speaking prosodic variations of F0, SPL, and DUR influenced both CPPS and HNR measures and led to acoustic differences between sustained and excised vowels, especially in CPPS. Vowel context, prosodic factors, and token type should be controlled for in clinical acoustic voice assessment.

Annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of guinea pig testis after unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 196-197
Author(s):  
J. Chakraborty ◽  
A. P. Sinha Hikim ◽  
J. S. Jhunjhunwala
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Spermatic Cord ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annulate Lamellae ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
First Time

Although the presence of annulate lamellae was noted in many cell types, including the rat spermatogenic cells, this structure was never reported in the Sertoli cells of any rodent species. The present report is based on a part of our project on the effect of torsion of the spermatic cord to the contralateral testis. This paper describes for the first time, the fine structural details of the annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of damaged testis from guinea pigs.One side of the spermatic cord of each of six Hartly strain adult guinea pigs was surgically twisted (540°) under pentobarbital anesthesia (1). Four months after induction of torsion, animals were sacrificed, testes were excised and processed for the light and electron microscopic investigations. In the damaged testis, the majority of seminiferous tubule contained a layer of Sertoli cells with occasional spermatogonia (Fig. 1). Nuclei of these Sertoli cells were highly pleomorphic and contained small chromatinic clumps adjacent to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope (Fig. 2).

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