Selective Facial Muscle Activation with Acute and Chronic Multichannel Cuff Electrode Implantation in a Feline Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 000348942110232
Author(s):  
Ronald Sahyouni ◽  
Khodayar Goshtasbi ◽  
Alessandro Presacco ◽  
Jack Birkenbeuel ◽  
Dillon Cheung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Selective Activation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Main Trunk ◽  
Facial Muscles ◽  
Cuff Electrode ◽  
Feline Model

Objectives: Facial paralysis is a debilitating condition with substantial functional and psychological consequences. This feline-model study evaluates whether facial muscles can be selectively activated in acute and chronic implantation of 16-channel multichannel cuff electrodes (MCE). Methods: Two cats underwent acute terminal MCE implantation experiments, 2 underwent chronic MCE implantation in uninjured facial nerves (FN) and tested for 6 months, and 2 underwent chronic MCE implantation experiments after FN transection injury and tested for 3 months. The MCE were wrapped around the main trunk of the skeletonized FN, and data collection consisted of EMG thresholds, amplitudes, and selectivity of muscle activation. Results: In acute experimentation, activation of specific channels (ie, channels 1-3 and 6-8) resulted in selective activation of orbicularis oculi, whereas activation of other channels (ie, channels 4, 5, or 8) led to selective activation of levator auris longus with higher EMG amplitudes. MCE implantation yielded stable and selective facial muscle activation EMG thresholds and amplitudes up to a 5-month period. Modest selective muscle activation was furthermore obtained after a complete transection-reapproximating nerve injury after a 3-month recovery period and implantation reoperation. Chronic implantation of MCE did not lead to fibrosis on histology. Field steering was achieved to activate distinct facial muscles by sending simultaneous subthreshold currents to multiple channels, thus theoretically protecting against nerve damage from chronic electrical stimulation. Conclusion: Our proof-of-concept results show the ability of an MCE, supplemented with field steering, to provide a degree of selective facial muscle stimulation in a feline model, even following nerve regeneration after FN injury. Level of evidence: N/A

scholarly journals Comparison of Facial Muscle Activation Patterns Between Healthy and Bell’s Palsy Subjects Using High-Density Surface Electromyography

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Cui ◽  
Weizheng Zhong ◽  
Zhuoxin Yang ◽  
Xuemei Cao ◽  
Shuangyan Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Bell’S Palsy ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Bell's Palsy ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Facial Muscles ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Density Surface

Facial muscle activities are essential for the appearance and communication of human beings. Therefore, exploring the activation patterns of facial muscles can help understand facial neuromuscular disorders such as Bell’s palsy. Given the irregular shape of the facial muscles as well as their different locations, it should be difficult to detect the activities of whole facial muscles with a few electrodes. In this study, a high-density surface electromyogram (HD sEMG) system with 90 electrodes was used to record EMG signals of facial muscles in both healthy and Bell’s palsy subjects when they did different facial movements. The electrodes were arranged in rectangular arrays covering the forehead and cheek regions of the face. The muscle activation patterns were shown on maps, which were constructed from the Root Mean Square (RMS) values of all the 90-channel EMG recordings. The experimental results showed that the activation patterns of facial muscles were distinct during doing different facial movements and the activated muscle regions could be clearly observed. Moreover, two features of the activation patterns, 2D correlation coefficient (corr2) and Centre of Gravity (CG) were extracted to quantify the spatial symmetry and the location of activated muscle regions respectively. Furthermore, the deviation of activated muscle regions on the paralyzed side of a face compared to the healthy side was quantified by calculating the distance between two sides of CGs. The results revealed that corr2 of the activated facial muscle region (classified into forehead region and cheek region) in Bell’s palsy subjects was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in healthy subjects, while CG distance of activated facial region in Bell’s palsy subjects was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in healthy subjects. The correlation between corr2 of these regions and Bell’s palsy [assessed by the Facial Nerve Grading Scale (FNGS) 2.0] was also significant (p < 0.05) in Bell’s palsy subjects. The spatial information on activated muscle regions may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of Bell’s palsy in the future.

scholarly journals Healthy subjects with lax knees use less knee flexion rather than muscle control to limit anterior tibia translation during landing

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle N. J. Keizer ◽  
Juha M. Hijmans ◽  
Alli Gokeler ◽  
Anne Benjaminse ◽  
Egbert Otten
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Knee Laxity ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract Purpose It has been reported that there is no correlation between anterior tibia translation (ATT) in passive and dynamic situations. Passive ATT (ATTp) may be different to dynamic ATT (ATTd) due to muscle activation patterns. This study aimed to investigate whether muscle activation during jumping can control ATT in healthy participants. Methods ATTp of twenty-one healthy participants was measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer. All participants performed single leg hops for distance during which ATTd, knee flexion angles and knee flexion moments were measured using a 3D motion capture system. During both tests, sEMG signals were recorded. Results A negative correlation was found between ATTp and the maximal ATTd (r = − 0.47, p = 0.028). An N-Way ANOVA showed that larger semitendinosus activity was seen when ATTd was larger, while less biceps femoris activity and rectus femoris activity were seen. Moreover, larger knee extension moment, knee flexion angle and ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior direction were seen when ATTd was larger. Conclusion Participants with more ATTp showed smaller ATTd during jump landing. Muscle activation did not contribute to reduce ATTd during impact of a jump-landing at the observed knee angles. However, subjects with large ATTp landed with less knee flexion and consequently showed less ATTd. The results of this study give information on how healthy people control knee laxity during jump-landing. Level of evidence III

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN FACIAL MUSCLE AND BRAIN ACTIVITIES IN AUDITORY STIMULATION

Fractals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150100
Author(s):  
MIRRA SOUNDIRARAJAN ◽  
MARTIN AUGUSTYNEK ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR ◽  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Facial Muscles ◽  
The Brain

Evaluation of the correlation of the activities of various organs is an important area of research in physiology. In this paper, we evaluated the correlation among the brain and facial muscles’ reactions to various auditory stimuli. We played three different music (relaxing, pop, and rock music) to 13 subjects and accordingly analyzed the changes in complexities of EEG and EMG signals by calculating their fractal exponent and sample entropy. Based on the results, EEG and EMG signals experienced more significant changes by presenting relaxing, pop, and rock music, respectively. A strong correlation was observed among the alterations of the complexities of EMG and EEG signals, which indicates the coupling of the activities of facial muscles and brain. This method could be further applied to investigate the coupling of the activities of the brain and other organs of the human body.

Neurophysiologic laws of wink reflex in patients with facial neupopathy

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-267
Author(s):  
E. S. Deomidov
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Bioelectric Activity ◽  
Facial Muscles

Electroneuromyographic examination of 120 patients with the Bell paralysis, in the clinical picture of which facial muscle paresis of various gravity dominates, is performed. On the basis of the results obtained the bioelectric activity of facial muscles with the aim of early diagnosis and prevention of secondary contracture of facial muscles is studied.

Effect of Muscle Activation on the Gravity Stress View in Unstable Weber B Ankle Fractures

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1342-1346
Author(s):  
Kimberly K. Broughton ◽  
Caroline Williams ◽  
Christopher P. Miller ◽  
Kristen Stupay ◽  
John Y. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Ankle Fractures ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Distal Fibula ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: In the setting of apparently isolated distal fibula fractures, the gravity stress view (GSV) is a validated method to determine mortise stability. There is currently no published data evaluating whether dynamic muscle activation can reduce an unstable mortise. If patients with instability can overcome gravity, resultant images could yield false-negative results. The goal of this investigation was to determine if patient effort can influence medial clear space (MCS) measurements in proven unstable bimalleolar-equivalent ankle fractures. Methods: Patients presenting with Weber B fibula fractures were assessed for mortise stability using the GSV. If the GSV demonstrated instability based on MCS widening >4 mm, 3 additional views were performed: GSV with an assistant maintaining the ankle in a neutral position; GSV with the patient actively dorsiflexing to neutral; and GSV with the patient actively dorsiflexing and supinating the foot. Twenty-four consecutive patients met inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 48.7 (range, 22-85) years. Fifteen patients (62.5%) were female and 9 (37.5%) were male. The laterality was evenly divided. Results: The mean MCS was 5.8 ± 2.0 6.0 ± 2.6, and 6.2 ± 2.7 mm for the manual assist, active dorsiflexion, and active supination radiograph measurement groups, respectively ( P = .434). Only 5 of 24 subjects had any measurable decrease in their MCS with active supination, with a maximum change of 1.2 mm. The remainder of the patients had an increase in MCS ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 mm. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between measurement states indicating that muscle activation is unlikely to yield a false-negative result on GSV. Mortise instability, secondary to deep deltoid injury in the presence of gravity stress, is unlikely to be actively overcome by dynamic stabilizers, supporting the validity and specificity of the GSV. Level of Evidence: Level III, prospective study.

scholarly journals Fear of Reinjury in Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Jung Hsu ◽  
Adam Meierbachtol ◽  
Steven Z. George ◽  
Terese L. Chmielewski
Keyword(s):  
Return To Sport ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Return To Sports ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Physical Impairments ◽  
Rehabilitation Outcomes ◽  
Practice Approach ◽  
The Impact

Context: A sports injury has both physical and psychological consequences for the athlete. A common postinjury psychological response is elevated fear of reinjury. Objective: To provide an overview of the implications of fear of reinjury on the rehabilitation of athletes, including clinical methods to measure fear of reinjury; the impact of fear of reinjury on rehabilitation outcomes, including physical impairments, function, and return to sports rate; and potential interventions to address fear of reinjury during rehabilitation. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched for articles published in the past 16 years (1990-2016) relating to fear of reinjury in athletes. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were searched for additionally relevant articles. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Results: Fear of reinjury after a sports injury can negatively affect the recovery of physical impairments, reduce self-report function, and prevent a successful return to sport. Athletes with high fear of reinjury might benefit from a psychologically informed practice approach to improve rehabilitation outcomes. The application of psychologically informed practice would be to measure fear of reinjury in the injured athletes and provide interventions to reduce fear of reinjury to optimize rehabilitation outcomes. Conclusion: Fear of reinjury after a sports injury can lead to poor rehabilitation outcomes. Incorporating principles of psychologically informed practice into sports injury rehabilitation could improve rehabilitation outcomes for athletes with high fear of reinjury.

scholarly journals Facial muscle activation during sleep and its relation to the rapid eye movements of REM sleep

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1pt1) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA PAULA RIVERA-GARCÍA ◽  
IGNACIO RAMÍREZ-SALADO ◽  
MARÍA CORSI-CABRERA ◽  
JOSÉ MARÍA CALVO
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements

Peroneal Activation Deficits in Persons with Functional Ankle Instability

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 982-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riann M. Palmieri-Smith ◽  
J. Ty Hopkins ◽  
Tyler N. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Muscle Inhibition ◽  
Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition

Background Functional ankle instability (FAI) may be prevalent in as many as 40% of patients after acute lateral ankle sprain. Altered afference resulting from damaged mechanoreceptors after an ankle sprain may lead to reflex inhibition of surrounding joint musculature. This activation deficit, referred to as arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), may be the underlying cause of FAI. Incomplete activation could prevent adequate control of the ankle joint, leading to repeated episodes of instability. Hypothesis Arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the peroneal musculature of functionally unstable ankles and is related to dynamic peroneal muscle activity. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Twenty-one (18 female, 3 male) patients with unilateral FAI and 21 (18 female, 3 male) uninjured, matched controls participated in this study. Peroneal maximum H-reflexes and M-waves were recorded bilaterally to establish the presence or absence of AMI, while electromyography (EMG) recorded as patients underwent a sudden ankle inversion perturbation during walking was used to quantify dynamic activation. The H:M ratio and average EMG amplitudes were calculated and used in data analyses. Two-way analyses of variance were used to compare limbs and groups. A regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between the H:M ratio and the EMG amplitudes. Results The FAI patients had larger peroneal H:M ratios in their nonpathological ankle (0.399 ± 0.185) than in their pathological ankle (0.323 ± 0.161) (P = .036), while no differences were noted between the ankles of the controls (0.442 ± 0.176 and 0.425 ± 0.180). The FAI patients also exhibited lower EMG after inversion perturbation in their pathological ankle (1.7 ± 1.3) than in their uninjured ankle (EMG, 3.3 ± 3.1) (P < .001), while no differences between legs were noted for controls (P > .05). No significant relationship was found between the peroneal H:M ratio and peroneal EMG (P > .05). Conclusion Arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the peroneal musculature of persons with FAI but is not related to dynamic muscle activation as measured by peroneal EMG amplitude. Reversing AMI may not assist in protecting the ankle from further episodes of instability; however dynamic muscle activation (as measured by peroneal EMG amplitude) should be restored to maximize ankle stabilization. Dynamic peroneal activity is impaired in functionally unstable ankles, which may contribute to recurrent joint instability and may leave the ankle vulnerable to injurious loads.

scholarly journals Can MRI quantify the volume changes of denervated facial muscles?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Mastryukova ◽  
Dirk Arnold ◽  
Daniel Güllmar ◽  
Orlando Guntinas-Lichius ◽  
Gerd Fabian Volk
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Facial Paralysis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Manual Segmentation ◽  
Facial Muscle ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Facial Muscles ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Could manual segmentation of magnetic resonance images be used to quantify the effects of transcutaneous electrostimulation and reinnervation of denervated facial muscle? Five patients with unilateral facial paralysis were scanned during the study while receiving a daily surface electrostimulation of the paralytic cheek region, but also after reinnervation. Their facial muscles were identified in 3D (coronal, sagittal, and axial) and segmented in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for in total 28 time points over the 12 months of study. A non-significant trend of increasing muscle volume were detected after reinnervation. MRI is a valuable technique in the facial paralysis research.

Prevalence and Safety of Left-Footed Driving Following Right Foot Surgery Patients Including a Driving Simulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley M. McKissack ◽  
Yvonne E. Chodaba ◽  
Tyler R. Bell ◽  
Eva J. Lehtonen ◽  
Ibukunoluwa B. Araoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Foot Surgery ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Ankle Surgery ◽  
The Right

Background: For many patients, returning to driving after right foot and ankle surgery is a concern, and it is not uncommon for patients to ask if driving may be performed with their left foot. A paucity of literature exists to guide physician recommendations for return to driving. The purpose of this study was to describe the driving habits of patients after right-sided foot surgery and assess the safety of left-footed driving using a driving simulator. Methods: Patients who underwent right foot or ankle operations between January 2015 and December 2015 were retrospectively identified. A survey assessing driving habits prior to surgery and during the recovery period was administered via a REDCap database through email or telephone. Additionally, simulated driving scenarios were conducted using a driving simulator in 20 volunteer subjects to compare characteristics of left- versus right-footed driving. Results: Thirty-six of 96 (37%) patients who responded to the survey reported driving with the left foot postoperatively. No trends were found associating left-footed driving prevalence and socioeconomic status. In driving simulations, patients exceeded the speed limit significantly more ( P < .001) and hit other vehicles more ( P < .026) when driving with the right foot than the left. The time to fully brake and fully release the throttle in response to vehicular hazards was significantly prolonged in left-footed driving compared with right ( P = .019 and P = .034, respectively). Conclusion: A significant proportion of right foot ankle surgery patients engaged in left-footed driving during postoperative recovery. Driving with both the right and left foot presents a risk of compromised safety. This study provides novel objective data regarding the potential risks of unipedal left-footed driving using a standard right-footed console, which indicates that driving with the left foot may prolong brake and throttle release times. Further studies are warranted for physicians to be able to appropriately advise patients about driving after foot and ankle surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

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