Indications for the Tracheoesophageal Diversion Procedure and the Laryngotracheal Separation Procedure

Impaired protective function of the larynx can lead to intractable aspiration, a severe and potentially fatal disorder. If medical therapy fails to prevent intractable aspiration, surgical separation of the upper respiratory tract from the digestive tract is necessary to prevent recurrent contamination of the respiratory system in these patients. Two such surgical procedures are the tracheoesophageal diversion procedure and the laryngotracheal separation procedure. Our approach to patients with intractable aspiration and the indications for the use of these surgical procedures for the prevention of aspiration are discussed.

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New prospects for local etiotropic treatment of acute respiratory viral infections

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2019-8-105-108 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 105-108

Author(s):

A. A. Krivopalov ◽

V. A. Shatalov ◽

S. V. Shervashidze

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Positive Experience ◽

High Efficacy ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

According to WHO, the respiratory system diseases are currently inside the ten most common pathologies. The modern strategy for treating influenza and ARVI gives priority to the antiviral and immunostimulating agents, but the symptomatic drugs, which include preparations based on silver and its compounds, also play an important role. The large positive experience in using silver preparations supported by numerous clinical studies shows their high efficacy and satisfactory safety profile in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose and upper respiratory tract in children and adults.

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To proceed or not to proceed: ENT surgery in paediatric patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215116008549 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 130 (9) ◽

pp. 800-804 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S Shemesh ◽

S Tamir ◽

A Goldfarb ◽

T Ezri ◽

Y Roth

Keyword(s):

Tract Infection ◽

Literature Review ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Surgical Procedures ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Risk Benefit Assessment ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

The Impact

AbstractBackground:Upper respiratory tract infection is the most common non-preventable cause of surgery cancellation. Consequently, surgeons and anaesthesiologists involved in elective ENT surgical procedures frequently face a dilemma of whether to proceed or to postpone surgery in affected children.Methods:A literature review was conducted and a practical assessment algorithm proposed.Conclusion:The risk–benefit assessment should take into consideration the impact of postponing the surgery intended to bring relief to the child and the risks of proceeding with general anaesthesia in an inflamed airway. The suggested algorithm for assessment may be a useful tool to support the decision of whether to proceed or to postpone surgery.

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Prenatal diagnosis of lung malformations and upper respiratory tract in fetuses with trisomy 21

10.21516/2413-1458-2019-18-1-35-40 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

U.A. Strupeneva, E.S. Nekrasova, E.V. Lisina

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Down Syndrome ◽

Prenatal Diagnosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Trisomy 21 ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Children With Down Syndrome ◽

Laryngeal Atresia ◽

Upper Respiratory

The features of the development of the respiratory system in children with Down syndrome and related with that diseases of lungs and upper respiratory tract in children in early childhood are presented. Two cases of prenatal diagnosis of cystic adenomatous malformation type Ш and laryngeal atresia in fetuses with trisomy 21 are described.

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Features of primary morbidity of military personnel who serve in conditions of occupational hazards

Vestnik of Russian military medical Academy ◽

10.17816/brmma12304 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 185-189

Author(s):

S G Grigoryev ◽

G G Zagorodnikov ◽

V A Sanzharevsky ◽

P P Sivashchenko

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Military Personnel ◽

Organophosphorus Compounds ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Occupational Hazards ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Acute Infections ◽

Circulatory System Diseases ◽

Upper Respiratory

The comparative analysis of primary morbidity of officers involved in work with occupational hazards of chemical or radiation nature in 2007-2014 has been performed. It was established that the group of officers involved in work with organophosphorus compounds has significantly higher rate of respiratory system diseases and lower rate of primary morbidity of the circulatory system diseases than the officers involved in work with ionized radiation sources. It was demonstrated that the main contribution to the primary morbidity was made by the following classes: diseases of respiratory system, diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, diseases of digestive system and diseases of circulatory system. The primary morbidity for leading categories of diseases among military personnel who worked with organophosphorus compounds in two regimes (immediate activities to destroy organophosphorus compounds and support for this process (guard, medical and fire services) did not depend on the nature of work. The rate of respiratory system diseases was relatively higher among all Russian Federation Armed forces servicemen and among those who worked with highly toxic substances (mainly due to acute infections of the upper respiratory tract). For the other classes considered the primary morbidity was higher in the risk groups. Evaluation of the role of specific nosological forms showed that in a group of servicemen working with organophosphorus compounds the rates of acute infections of the upper respiratory tract of multiple and unspecified localization, other nasal and nasal sinuses diseases, dorsalgia predominated but was inferior to the incidence of chronic ischemic heart disease. In this connection it is necessary to elaborate and conduct the preventive measures against above mentioned categories of diseases and main nosological forms of these categories.

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Refocusing Functional Anatomy and Immunology of the Respiratory Mucosa in the Advent of Covid-19

10.5772/intechopen.96251 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Humphrey Simukoko

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Atmospheric Oxygen ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

Functional Anatomy ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Mucosal Cells ◽

Upper Respiratory

Atmospheric oxygen is an indispensable element required in order for mammalian cells to function normally. The mammalian respiratory system, through pulmonary ventilation and gas diffusion, provides the physical mechanisms by which oxygen gains access to all body cells and through which carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body. The network of tissues and organs of the respiratory system helps the mammalian body cells to absorb oxygen from the air to enable the tissues and organs to function optimally. The advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) Pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has stimulated heightened and refocused interest in the study of various aspects of the respiratory system. The SARS-CoV-2 targets the respiratory system mucosal cells and in a cascade of biological processes curtails the ability of the respiratory system to absorb and deliver oxygen to the pulmonary blood and body cells often resulting in severe disease and/or death. The mucosa and submucosa of the respiratory tract are adapted to provide both innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms against pathogens including the SARS-CoV-2. The entire respiratory tract is covered by a mucosa that transitions in its structural and functional characteristics from the upper respiratory tract to the lower respiratory tract. This chapter provides an overview of the functional anatomy and immunology of the respiratory tract covering the mucosa from the upper respiratory tract all the way up to the alveolar epithelium. In the advent of the covid-19 pandemic, a broader perspective and understanding of the anatomy and immunology of the respiratory tract will enable general readers and researchers to fully appreciate the discourse in covid-19 research as it affects the respiratory tract.

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Comparison of microbiota in the upper versus lower respiratory tract in children during health and respiratory disease: protocol for a systematic review

Systematic Reviews ◽

10.1186/s13643-021-01806-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Richa Rao ◽

Jeanne M. Dsouza ◽

Joseph L. Mathew

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Micro Organisms

Abstract Background The upper respiratory tract of children is colonized by various microbial species during the healthy state, whereas the lungs are believed to be sterile. In children with respiratory infections, micro-organisms can be recovered from the upper respiratory sites, as well as the lungs. However, the correlation of microbial yield between the two sites is unclear. This systematic review is designed to explore the microbial composition of the respiratory system in healthy children, comparing the organisms identified in the upper airways versus the lungs. We will also compare the prevalence and pattern of upper respiratory micro-organisms in healthy children versus those with various respiratory diseases. We will additionally compare the organisms identified in the upper airway versus the lungs in children with respiratory disease. Methods We will search the following electronic databases: Epistemonikos and Cochrane Library for systematic reviews and MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, LIVIVO, Web of Science, Scopus, and CINAHL databases for primary studies. Reference lists of relevant studies will be examined for links to potential related articles. Two reviewers will independently determine eligibility for inclusion. The methodological quality and risk of bias of the included observational studies will be scored using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale tool, and JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for case series. We will present the data with descriptive statistics and provide pooled estimates of outcomes, wherever it is feasible to perform a meta-analysis. Heterogeneity in studies will be explored by using the Higgins and Thompson I2 method. Sensitivity analysis will be done to explore the impact of study quality, and subgroup analysis will be done based on age, health condition, type of respiratory specimen, and method of identifying organisms. We will prepare a summary of findings’ table and assess the confidence in the evidence using the GRADE methodology. Results This is a protocol; hence, there are no results at this stage. Discussion The proposed systematic review will provide comparisons of the microbiota in the upper respiratory tract versus the lungs, in children, during health as well as respiratory disease. Similarly, the site-specific yield will be compared between healthy children and those with respiratory disease. This will provide clinicians, microbiologists, and respiratory therapists a better understanding of the respiratory system microbiota, suitability (or otherwise) of upper airway specimens in various respiratory diseases, and the potential role of upper airway colonization on specific respiratory diseases. We will disseminate the review through a peer-reviewed journal publication. Data that cannot be included in the published version will be made available on request. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020202115.

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