Resilience in Context: The Association between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Cumulative Positive Childhood Experiences among Justice-Involved Youth

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110298
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Craig ◽  
Kevin T. Wolff ◽  
Michael T. Baglivio
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cumulative Trauma ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Florida Department ◽  
Immigrant Concentration ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Alongside the research on the impact of cumulative trauma on later outcomes, scholars have started to investigate how an accumulation of protective factors may buffer adverse outcomes. However, these studies have failed to consider how one’s social context, in particular the levels of social disorganization and immigrant concentration present, may be associated with the accumulation of protective factors. Using data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, the current study examines how both youth- and neighborhood-level factors predict cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs) among justice-involved youth. The results indicated that while immigrant concentration is unassociated with PCE accumulation, social disorganization is negatively associated with the number of PCEs, holding all else constant.

"MAY THE SHAME BE WITH YOU. ALWAYS." MITIGATING YOUNG PEOPLE'S INTIMATE EXCHANGES ONLINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanna Spišák
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Sexual Media ◽  
Cultural Anxiety ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Digital Environments ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Cultural anxiety about the impact of young people's intimate exchanges online has increased over the past 15 years. Sexual media and 'digital intimacies' are routinely understood to be a source of harm and adverse outcomes. This paper engages with Finland's National Bureau of Investigation's  $2  video campaign, the Police of Finland's public announcements on 'teen sexting' between 2017–2019 and young Finns responses to such educational efforts by using data from  $2  study that is a part of a more significant research project on intimacy in data-driven culture in Finland. 
My research interest lies with some of the disconnections between current educational and policy discourses addressing young people's participation in digital cultures, and the lived experiences of young Finns. By asking from a focus-group of young Finns aged 15–19-years-old how they and their peers experience digital intimacy and their perceptions of the benefits, possible risks and harms, mitigations and solutions, I can draw a more ethical yet a complex picture of young people's engagement with digital intimacies. 
I call for a focus on the political, ethical and material implications of such educational efforts and policy responses that premises on digital abstinence to critically reflect on the question of young people's (sexual) rights in digital environments. The University of Turku ethics board has approved the research design and the uses of all the research datasets.

scholarly journals Punishment in School: The Role of School Security Measures

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J Mowen
Keyword(s):  
School Security ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Security Officer ◽  
Suspension Rates ◽  
School Suspensions ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Out Of School

Although investigation of school security measures and their relationships to various outcomes including school crime rates (Gottfredson, 2001), perpetuation of social inequality (Ferguson, 2001; Nolan, 2011; Welch & Payne, 2010), and the impact on childhood experiences has seen significant growth within the last 20 years (Newman, 2004; Kupchik, 2010), few studies have sought to explore the impacts of these measures on suspension rates. Using data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (2002), I explore the relationship between security measures and in-school, out-of-school, and overall suspension rates. Results indicate schools with a security officer experience higher rates of in-school suspensions but have no difference in rates of out-of-school or overall suspensions compared to schools without a security officer. No other measure of security was related to higher suspension rates. As prior literature suggests, schools with greater proportions of black students experienced significantly higher rates of all suspension types. Finally, different types of parental involvement correlated with both higher and lower suspension rates.

scholarly journals The association between blood pressure control and Coronavirus Disease 2019 outcomes in 45,418 symptomatic patients with hypertension: An observational cohort study

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Sheppard ◽  
Brian Nicholson ◽  
Joseph Lee ◽  
Dylan McGagh ◽  
Julian Sherlock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Impact

Hypertension has been identified as a risk factor for COVID-19 and associated adverse outcomes. This study examined the association between pre-infection blood pressure (BP) control and COVID-19 outcomes using data from 460 general practices in England. Eligible patients were adults with hypertension who were tested or diagnosed with COVID-19. BP control was defined by the most recent reading within 24months of the index date (01/01/2020). BP was defined as controlled (<130/80mmHg), raised (130/80-139/89mmHg), stage 1 uncontrolled (140/90-159/99mmHg) or stage 2 uncontrolled ({greater than or equal to}160/100mmHg). The primary outcome was death within 28 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were COVID-19 diagnosis and COVID-19 related hospital admission. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between BP control and outcomes. Of the 45,418 patients (mean age 67 years; 44.7% male) included, 11,950 (26.3%) had controlled BP. These patients were older, had more co-morbidities and had been diagnosed with hypertension for longer. A total of 4,277 patients (9.4%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 877 died within 28 days. Individuals with stage 1 uncontrolled BP had lower odds of COVID-19 death (OR 0.76, 95%CI 0.62-0.92) compared to patients with well-controlled BP. There was no association between BP control and COVID-19 diagnosis or hospitalisation. These findings suggest BP control may be associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes, possibly due to these patients having more advanced atherosclerosis and target organ damage. Such patients may need to consider adhering to stricter social-distancing, to limit the impact of COVID-19 as future waves of the pandemic occur.

scholarly journals Moderating the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences to Address Inequities in Tobacco-Related Risk Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 139S-147S ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Srivastav ◽  
Melissa Strompolis ◽  
Colby Kipp ◽  
Chelsea L. Richard ◽  
James F. Thrasher
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can increase the risk of engagement in unhealthy behaviors including tobacco use. Protective factors, such as safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) can potentially moderate the long-term impact of ACEs by helping children build resilience. However, there is limited research on whether the impact of these factors is stronger among Black children and families, who face disproportionately poorer health outcomes compared to their White counterparts. This study examined the relationships among protective factors in childhood, ACEs (one or more vs. none), and tobacco use (smoking tobacco, e-cigarette use) in adulthood, including whether these relationships differed by race. Data were obtained from the 2016 South Carolina administration of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 7,014). Using stratified, multivariate logistic regression, the presence of an SSNR in childhood (whether participants’ basic needs were met and whether they felt safe and protected during childhood) was assessed as a potential moderator of the association between ACEs (one or more vs. none) and smoking tobacco or e-cigarettes stratified by race (Black and White). Control variables included sex, age, educational attainment, and income. Statistically significant moderating effects of an SSNR was present for White adults only: The relationship between ACEs and risk behaviors was weakened when an SSNR was present in childhood. Although SSNRs appear to prevent some risk behavior consequences from ACEs among some groups, additional research is needed to understand their potential utility across population subgroups.

Neighborhood Context and the Pretrial Process: Do Defendants Face Adverse Outcomes Due to Their Home Address?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1340-1365
Author(s):  
Stacie St. Louis
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Pretrial Detention ◽  
Disadvantaged Population ◽  
Home Address ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Neighborhood Level

When extralegal factors correlate with differences in bond amount and pretrial detention, justice may be compromised. Prior research has identified disparity related to defendant characteristics, such as income and race. This article offers insight into a less explored source of disparity, neighborhood context, and a particularly disadvantaged population, defendants, or pretrial detainees, unable to afford their bail in court and booked into a county jail. Considering the desire for community safety, the difficulty of predicting dangerousness and court attendance, and the impact of ecological factors on other court outcomes, it is hypothesized that neighborhood context heightens disparity in the pretrial process. Findings support this argument. Offense elements best predict bond amount; however, there exists disparity based on neighborhood characteristics. When assessing the same factors in relation to detention length, bond amount is not significant, but rather individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics. Implications are discussed in light of current bail reform efforts.

Perceptions of Police Misconduct Among University Students: Do Race and Academic Major Matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Sethuraju ◽  
Jason Sole ◽  
Brian E. Oliver ◽  
Paul Prew
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Academic Major ◽  
Police Misconduct ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Attitudes Toward The Police ◽  
Influence Perceptions ◽  
Neighborhood Level

While much previous research has looked at how race influences perceptions about police misconduct, very little research has explored races outside of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Additionally, although research has explored how academic major affects college students’ attitudes about a variety of criminal justice issue, only recently has research begun to explore the impact that college major has on attitudes toward the police and perceptions about police misconduct. Using data from surveys given to students from three universities, this study explores the extent to which being White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American as well as majoring in law enforcement, criminal justice, and other disciplines influences perceptions students have about police misconduct. The findings indicate that race plays an important role related to perceptions about both general and neighborhood-level police misconduct and that academic major does have an influential impact on perceptions about police misconduct in general but does not significantly influence perceptions about neighborhood-level police misconduct.

Child Delinquency, ACEs, and the Juvenile Justice System: Does Exposure to ACEs Affect Justice System Experiences for Children?

2021 ◽  
pp. 154120402110631
Author(s):  
Abigail Novak ◽  
Vitoria De Francisco Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
School Problems ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Florida Department ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Older Youth ◽  
Using Data

Thousands of children ages 12 and under are referred to juvenile justice systems each year, and little is known about how their experiences may differ from those of older youth. The purpose of this study was to compare risk factors associated with juvenile justice referral between children and adolescents and examine differences in adjudication and disposition of referred children and adolescents. The moderating role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) was also examined. Using data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, results suggest children referred to the juvenile justice system are more likely to have experienced greater numbers of ACEs, have family and school problems, and be referred by schools. Results also indicate children and adolescents differ in their experiences within the juvenile justice system, and that experiences vary according to exposure to ACEs. Results suggest juvenile justice system officials should consider the unique needs of children referred to the system and be cognizant of the influence of non-legal factors in decision-making for this population.

Immigration, Collective Efficacy, Social Ties, and Violence: Unpacking the Mediating Mechanisms in Immigration Effects on Neighborhood-Level Violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Feldmeyer ◽  
Arelys Madero-Hernandez ◽  
Carlos E. Rojas-Gaona ◽  
Lauren Copley Sabon
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Kinship Networks ◽  
Immigrant Concentration ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Kinship Ties ◽  
Neighborhood Level

An extensive body of research indicates that community levels of crime are either unaffected by levels of immigration or that immigration is associated with lower, not higher, rates of crime. According to the “immigrant revitalization” perspective, the protective effects of immigration are largely indirect, working through neighborhood-level processes, such as social networks, social capital, and collective efficacy. However, these mediating effects have received little empirical attention in the immigration–crime literature. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the current study seeks to extend research on immigration and crime by assessing the mediating effects of neighborhood friendship and kinship ties and collective efficacy in immigration–violence relationships. Similar to previous studies, we find that the total effect of immigrant concentration on homicide and perceptions of violence is null. However, examining the indirect pathways reveals that immigration works in complex ways, with both positive and negative influences on violence that ultimately manifest as a nonsignificant effect. Specifically, immigrant concentration is associated with lower levels of collective efficacy, thereby increasing violence, but it is simultaneously linked to stronger friendship and kinship networks, which in turn reduces violence. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Intersections of Childhood Victimization Experiences, Gender, and Dominance: The Makings for Sexual Coercion Transnationally?

2020 ◽  
pp. 105756772098265
Author(s):  
Aimée X. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Coercive Behavior ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Although the use of sexual violence has been widely researched, data on sexual offending tend to be limited. Since adverse childhood experiences have been found to be correlated with being a victim of sexually coercive behavior, more research is needed to understand the impact of adverse childhood experiences on the perpetration of sexually coercive behaviors. Yet, there is little published research explaining such risk factors for sexually coercive behaviors and even less transnationally. This study seeks to expand the current literature by exploring the impact of violence and dominance-based beliefs on sexually coercive behaviors. Using data from the International Dating Violence Survey, the results from multilevel modeling regression analysis indicate that beliefs in relational dominance moderate the relationship between violent childhood experiences and sexually coercive behaviors. More importantly, despite theoretical premises that men engage in more sexually coercive behaviors, the results found that sexually coercive behaviors are more prevalent among those who hold dominance-based belief systems over intimate partners regardless of gender. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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