The Effects of Academic Giftedness and Gender on Developmental Trajectories of Hopelessness Among Students Living in Economically Disadvantaged Neighborhoods

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneliese C. Bolland ◽  
Kevin D. Besnoy ◽  
Sara Tomek ◽  
John M. Bolland
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Gifted Programs ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Although there is much research on adolescent poverty, research related to youth living in communities characterized by extreme poverty who are also identified as academically gifted is lacking. This study explores the development of hopelessness in these youths, compared with peers not identified as gifted, using data from the Mobile Youth and Poverty Study. Specifically, trajectories of hopelessness as a function of gifted status and gender are explored. Results indicate that boys experience greater feelings of hopelessness than girls, regardless of their gifted status, and students identified as gifted have lower levels of hopelessness than their peers not identified as gifted. These latter differences are particularly pronounced during early adolescence (age 10 years) but decline over time and largely disappear by later adolescence (age 18 years). Results suggest that boys may be particularly vulnerable to declining effects of gifted classification as a protector against hopelessness across age and that disadvantaged students who are identified as gifted may benefit from gifted programs that continue at an intense level through their high school years.

Does College Education Pay? Evidence From The NLSY-79 Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diamando Afxentiou ◽  
Paul Kutasovic
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
And Gender ◽  
College Educated ◽  
Over Time

This study examines if the college wage premium favoring college graduates still exists. The NLSY-79 data is employed. The sample includes individuals who received their high school degree and college degree in 1980 and 1981. These individuals were followed until the year 2004. A cross sectional regression model was estimated for the years 1982, 1994, and 2004 and found that education, occupation, and gender were the primary determinants of wages. The income gap between college educated workers and high school educated workers has widen over time. Most interestingly, it is the stagnation of high school educated workers that accounts for the gap.

scholarly journals The Development of Vocational Interests in Early Adolescence: Stability, Change, and State-Trait Components

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110356
Author(s):  
Thomas Gfrörer ◽  
Gundula Stoll ◽  
Sven Rieger ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
Benjamin Nagengast
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Stability Change ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Vocational interests predict major life outcomes such as job performance, college major choice, and life goals. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of their development during the crucial years of late childhood and early adolescence, when trait-like interests are starting to develop. The present study investigated the development of vocational interests in a longitudinal sample, comprising N = 3,876 participants—assessed at four time points from ages 11 to 14. Stability, state-trait variance components, mean-level development, and gender differences in mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) dimensions were examined. Stabilities were moderate for all dimensions, but Realistic, Investigative, Social, and Conventional interests became more stable over time. For Realistic, Artistic, Social, and Conventional interests, the trait variance increased over time. At age 14, all dimensions had substantial trait variance components. The mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Conventional interests decreased over the 3 years (–0.44 <  d < –0.24). Initial gender differences—with girls having higher Artistic and Social interests and boys having higher Realistic and Investigative interests—increased over time. By investigating the development of vocational interests in late childhood and early adolescence, we complement previous findings and provide first insights about state-trait proportions in early adolescence.

scholarly journals Tournament Mobility in Mathematics Course-Taking Pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312092760
Author(s):  
Paul Hanselman
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Ultimate Attainment ◽  
Mathematics Course

This visualization represents the structure of mathematics course opportunities as seen in the progress through middle and high school for one cohort of students in Texas. Trajectories are consistent with a tournament mobility regime in which there are repeated opportunities to fall behind but almost none to catch up. Pathways are also characterized by staggered starts, with differences in when students begin the mathematics sequence that have consequences for ultimate attainment. The structure of mathematics opportunities provides many points where trajectories diverge, and these branching points disproportionately sort economically disadvantaged students into less advanced pathways.

scholarly journals Associations between gender, school socioeconomic status, and cardiorespiratory fitness among elementary and middle school students

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Walker ◽  
Derek W. Craig ◽  
Andjelka Pavlovic ◽  
Shelby Thiele ◽  
Harold W. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
School Level ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Economically Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background Schools play an important role in providing access to physical activity opportunities for children. There are common economic and gender disparities in physical activity and health-related fitness among children, which may inform a school’s programming needs. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding about gender, school-level socioeconomic status, and children’s cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods This observational study used 2017–2018 school year data from schools in the Dallas Metropolitan area participating in the Healthy Zone School (HZS) program. Three data sources were integrated: 1) FitnessGram® data, 2) school-level data from the Texas Education Agency, and 3) HZS survey data. Being in the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) for aerobic capacity was the dependent variable, and gender and the percentage of economically disadvantaged students (at the school-level) were key independent variables. Mixed-effects logistic regression models examined associations between dependent and independent variables. Final models were adjusted for age and type of aerobic test. Results There were 67 schools and 15,052 students included in the analysis. When testing main effects, girls had lower odds for being in the HFZ for aerobic capacity than boys (OR = 0.54, CI = 0.47–0.62). Additionally, having a greater percentage of students who were economically disadvantaged was associated with lower odds for being in the HFZ for aerobic capacity (0.98, CI = 0.98–0.99). There was a significant interaction between gender and the percentage of economically disadvantaged students. Results indicated girls had even lower odds (than boys) for being in the HFZ in schools with 90% economically disadvantaged students (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.35–0.55) versus in schools with 15% economically disadvantage students (OR = 0.62, CI = 0.51–0.76). Conclusions Results suggest girls in Healthy Zone Schools have lower odds to meet aerobic capacity fitness standards than boys. Additionally, boys and girls in schools serving a greater percentage of economically disadvantaged students have lower odds to meet aerobic capacity fitness standards. Last, girls have even lower odds of meeting HFZ standard when attending a school serving a greater percentage of economically disadvantaged students. Thus, schools need to provide more programs for girls targeting aerobic physical activity. This is especially important for schools serving a high percentage of low-income students.

Employment in Schools in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-44
Author(s):  
Chandan Jain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Over Time

In the present article, we highlight the role that schools play in the Indian labour market. Using data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey, we provide estimates for the number of individuals employed in schools and the share of schools in the overall labour force in the country. We find that the share of schools in the overall labour force has increased between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, we also analyse the differences in these estimates across regions and gender as well. We find that despite the decline in female labour force in rural areas, number of females employed in schools in rural areas has increased over time. Additionally, we find that schools constituted the largest share in the overall female labour force employed in the services sector in the country. JEL: I20, J21

Developmental Trajectories of Physical Aggression and Nonaggressive Rule-Breaking During Late Childhood and Early Adolescence

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugena M. Givens ◽  
Joan A. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Adolescent Delinquency ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
Family Adversity ◽  
Class Model ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Rule Breaking ◽  
And Gender

Research has consistently linked two forms of childhood antisocial behavior, physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking, to adolescent delinquency. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the development of problem behavior during the latter years of childhood and early adolescence (ages 6 to 14). The current study utilized longitudinal data that followed 756 at-risk males and females from early childhood into early adolescence to identify trajectories of physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking and the association between documented risk factors with class membership. The findings supported a four-class model for both physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking. Both models produced high, moderately high, average, and abstaining classes. However, the physical aggression models decreased as participants aged, while the nonaggressive rule-breaking classes increased. Family adversity, protective neighborhoods, negative child temperament, premature birth, race, and gender were associated with class membership. The study findings may inform targeted, problem-specific strategies aimed at early intervention.

Substance use Trajectories from Early Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Comparison of Smoking, Binge Drinking, and Marijuana use

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan S. Tucker ◽  
Phyllis L. Ellickson ◽  
Maria Orlando ◽  
Steven C. Martino ◽  
David J. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Over the past several years, there has been growing interest in identifying distinct developmental trajectories of substance use. Using data from the RAND Adolescent/Young Adult Panel Study (N = 6,527), we synthesize our prior findings on patterns of smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use from early adolescence (age 13) to emerging adulthood (age 23). We also present new data on how these trajectory classes compare on key psychosocial and behavioral outcomes during emerging adulthood. For each type of substance use, we found two periods of vulnerability: early adolescence and the transition to emerging adulthood. As expected, early users were at relatively high risk for poor outcomes at age 23 compared to consistent low-level users and abstainers, even if they reduced their use during adolescence. However, youths who were not early users, but steadily increased their use over time, also tended to be at relatively high risk. Results suggest that multiple prevention approaches might be needed to successfully reach at-risk youths.

scholarly journals Z nesezdaného soužití do manželství: záleží na vzdělanostní homogamii?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Dominika Sladká
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Transition To Marriage ◽  
Over Time

This article examines the association between cohabiting partners’ educational homogamy and transition to marriage. This paper enriches previous studies with its comparative dimension to find out if and how the association differs in countries with different meanings of cohabitation – in Austria, Poland, and the Czech Republic. It also examines if and how the association between the transition to marriage and educational homogamy is changing over time. Using data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS), the analysis shows that the transition to marriage depends on partners’ relative education only in countries where cohabitation and marriage are two very different institutions – Poland and the Czech Republic. Educational hypergamy and hypogamy are not associated with the transition in the same way. In cohabitations where the man is more educated, the probability of marriage is half that compared to homogamous cohabitations, whereas cohabitations with a more educated woman are not significantly different from homogamous cohabitations. Over time, the association between relative education and the transition to marriage has not changed.

scholarly journals The Development of Vocational Interests in Early Adolescence: Stability, Change, and State-Trait Components

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gfrörer ◽  
Gundula Stoll ◽  
Sven Rieger ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
Benjamin Nagengast
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Vocational Interests ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Stability Change ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Vocational interests predict major life outcomes such as job performance, college major choice, and life goals. It is therefore important to gain a better understanding of their development during the crucial years of late childhood and early adolescence, when trait-like interests are starting to develop. The present study investigated the development of vocational interests in a longitudinal sample, comprising N = 3,876 participants—assessed at four time points from ages 11 to 14. Stability, state-trait variance components, mean-level development, and gender differences in mean-levels of Holland’s (1997) RIASEC dimensions were examined. Stabilities were moderate for all dimensions, but Realistic, Investigative, Social, and Conventional interests became more stable over time. For Realistic, Artistic, Social, and Conventional interests, the trait variance increased over time. At age 14, all dimensions had substantial trait variance components. The mean-levels of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, and Conventional interests decreased over the 3 years (-0.44 &lt; d &lt; -0.24). Initial gender differences—with girls having higher Artistic and Social interests and boys having higher Realistic and Investigative interests—increased over time. By investigating the development of vocational interests in late childhood and early adolescence, we complement previous findings and provide first insights about state-trait proportions in early adolescence.

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