Increasing Voice Communication Channels Using Man's Binaural Listening Capability

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Rappaport
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Voice Communication ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Communication Situations ◽  
Human Ear ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Binaural Listening ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Unique Capability

Sending voice messages over pairs of channels makes available more channels for communication than would be possible if channels were used in a conventional manner and only one message was sent over one channel. Although this means that all channels under the dual channel system must carry several messages simultaneously, it is shown that for subjects wearing earphones, message intelligibility remains remarkably higher than if the same number of messages are sent over a single channel. The superiority of the dual channel method is attributed primarily to the unique capability of the human ear-brain system to perceive diotic signals as being located in the center of the head while all dichotic signals are perceived as being off to the side of the head. Where seven voices are talking simultaneously intelligibility of messages under the dual channel method of transmission is about 94 percent as compared to 11 percent under the single channel method. Practical implications of these findings for a number of military and civilian communication situations are discussed.

scholarly journals Dual-Channel Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Based on a Single Spectrometer Using Compressive Sensing

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 4006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luying Yi ◽  
Liqun Sun ◽  
Mingli Zou ◽  
Bo Hou
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Compressive Sensing ◽  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Imaging Depth ◽  
Imaging Speed ◽  
Sd Oct

Dual-channel spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is one of the effective methods for improving imaging depth and imaging speed. In this paper, we design a dual-channel SD-OCT system based on a single spectrometer that can operate in two modes: (1) Increasing imaging speed and (2) expanding imaging depth. An optical path offset is preintroduced between the two channels to separate the two-channel data. However, this offset increases the requirement for the spectral resolution of the spectrometer in mode (1), so compressive sensing (CS) technology is used herein to overcome this problem. Consequently, in mode (1), when the spectral resolution of the spectrometer is the same as that used in the single-channel system, we use a dual-channel SD-OCT system combined with CS technology to double the imaging speed. In mode (2), when the spectral resolution of the spectrometer is only half of that used in a single-channel system, the imaging depth can be nearly doubled. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the method proposed in this work by imaging a mirror, a fish fin, a fish eye, and an onion.

scholarly journals Dual Resonant Frequency Inductive Power Transfer in an Underwater Tight Coupling System

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Pengzhi Yao ◽  
Rui He ◽  
Kan Guo ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Harmonic Wave ◽  
Fundamental Wave ◽  
Power Transfer ◽  
Tight Coupling ◽  
Coupling Condition ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Dual Channel

The application of wireless power transfer technology in the underwater environment proposes both opportunities and challenges to undersea power feeding. Due to the attenuation of electromagnetic waves in seawater, the distance between transmitter and receiver is always maintained at a minimum value, which results in tight coupling between the transmitter and receiver. The tight coupling condition provides a low impedance loop for high-order harmonic, so the component of the harmonic wave is thus significantly increased and cannot be ignored in the power transmission system. In order to fully utilize the harmonic energy, a fundamental-harmonic dual-channel system was proposed and studied in this paper. Compared with single-channel systems transmitting fundamental wave only, the dual-channel system has higher power transmission capability, while the loss in dual channel system can be less than that of a single-channel system after proper optimization. A 3 kW experiment platform is established to verify the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.

Monaural Versus Binaural Discrimination for Normal Listeners

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Chappell ◽  
James F. Kavanagh ◽  
Stanley Zerlin
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Recording Session ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Image Separation ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
The Difference

Normal hearing adults demonstrated approximately 20% better intelligibility scores for monosyllabic words presented binaurally (with a background of conversation) than to these words presented monaurally. The test materials were recorded on dual-channel tape through two head-mounted microphones. These microphones were directed toward each of three speakers who in turn produced the monosyllabic words while two simultaneous conversations were carried on by four other participants. Throughout the recording session the experimenters attempted to preserve as naturalistic a situation as possible. The 18 subjects with normal hearing listened through earphones to a single channel of this tape presented monaurally and to both channels delivered binaurally. The difference between the monaural and binaural intelligibility scores is discussed in terms of image-separation in space.

scholarly journals Speed Calibration and Traceability for Train-Borne 24 GHz Continuous-Wave Doppler Radar Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1230
Author(s):  
Lei Du ◽  
Qiao Sun ◽  
Jie Bai ◽  
Xiaolei Wang ◽  
Tianqi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Radar Sensor ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
24 Ghz

The 24 GHz continuous-wave (CW) Doppler radar sensor (DRS) is widely used for measuring the instantaneous speed of moving objects by using a non-contact approach, and has begun to be used in train-borne movable speed measurements in recent years in China because of its advanced performance. The architecture and working principle of train-borne DRSs with different structures including single-channel DRSs used for freight train speed measurements in railway freight dedicated lines and dual-channel DRSs used for speed measurements of high-speed and urban rail trains in railway passenger dedicated lines, are first introduced. Then, the disadvantages of two traditional speed calibration methods for train-borne DRS are described, and a new speed calibration method based on the Doppler shift signal simulation by imposing a signal modulation on the incident CW microwave signal is proposed. A 24 GHz CW radar target simulation system for a train-borne DRS was specifically realized to verify the proposed speed calibration method for a train-borne DRS, and traceability and performance evaluation on simulated speed were taken into account. The simulated speed range of the simulation system was up to (5~500) km/h when the simulated incident angle range was within the range of (45 ± 8)°, and the maximum permissible error (MPE) of the simulated speed was ±0.05 km/h. Finally, the calibration and uncertainty evaluation results of two typical train-borne dual-channel DRS samples validated the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed speed calibration approach for a train-borne DRS with full range in the laboratory as well as in the field.

Manufacturers' and distributors' capabilities influencing dual channel choice

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Ishii
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Channel Strategy ◽  
Dual Channels

PurposeMany manufacturers implement a dual channel strategy, which can be defined as the simultaneous use of integrated and independent channels of distribution for the same product line. This study employs the resource-based theory and examines how manufacturers' and distributors' capabilities affect manufacturers' choices of dual channel strategy. The study also examines how fit between organisational capability and channel structure affects channel system performance.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical testing was conducted using survey data collected from 262 Japanese business-to-business manufacturers. This study performed a multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine the antecedents of dual channel strategy and a t-test to examine its performance implications.FindingsThe results show that manufacturers' information capabilities and the availability of distributors' selling capabilities affect whether manufacturers choose a dual channel strategy, and that market turbulence moderates the effects of these two capability factors. The results also indicate that manufacturers can improve their channel system performance by choosing channel strategies that fit organisational capabilities.Originality/valueMost previous studies employ transaction cost theory to identify the factors driving the choice of dual channel strategy. However, these studies neglect the heterogeneity of resources/capabilities. Little is known about whether capability factors affect the dual channel strategy, and how this choice can be linked to channel system performance. By addressing this knowledge gap, this study contributes to enhance our understanding of dual channels.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Dual-Channel BLDC and SR Motors

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2489
Author(s):  
M. Korkosz ◽  
P. Bogusz ◽  
J. Prokop ◽  
B. Pakla ◽  
G. Podskarbi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Reluctance Motor ◽  
Two Machines

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of two electronically commutated brushless direct current machines intended for fault-tolerant drives. Two machines designed by the authors were compared: a 12/14 dual-channel brushless direct current motor (DCBLDCM) with permanent magnets and a 12/8 dual-channel switched reluctance motor (DCSRM). Information is provided here on the winding configuration, the parameters, and the power converters of both machines. We developed mathematical models of the DCBLDCM and DCSRM which accounted for the nonlinearity of their magnetization characteristics in dual-channel operation (DCO) and single-channel operation (SCO) modes. The static torque characteristics and flux characteristics of both machines were compared for operation in DCO and SCO modes. The waveforms of the current and the electromagnetic torque are presented for DCO and SCO operating conditions. For DCO mode, an analysis of the behavior of both machines under fault conditions (i.e., asymmetrical control, shorted coil, and open phase) was performed. The two designs were compared, and their strengths and weaknesses were indicated.

Control of the Ratio of Midline Parietal to Midline Frontal Eeg Alpha Rhythms through Auditory Feedback

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-824
Author(s):  
David P. Nowlis ◽  
Edward C. Wortz
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Voluntary Control ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Feedback Training ◽  
Significant Control ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Channel Feedback ◽  
Eeg Alpha

The study asks whether voluntary control over the relative appearance of EEG alpha in midline frontal and parietal sites can be achieved with auditory biofeedback training. 16 Ss participated in the training and testing regimen. Ss varied in the number of hour-long single-channel feedback training sessions received. In the test period, dual-channel feedback was given, and Ss were asked to increase the ratio of frontal to parietal alpha and then the reverse. Evidence for small but significant control is presented. Amount of control was correlated with number of practice sessions.

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