ANTROPOLOGIE SOCIÁLNÍCH VZTAHŮ V SOUDOBÉM VIETNAMU

This review article presents a publication on ethnographic, linguistic, and social relations in the families that remained in Vietnam after the wars. Some family members still face post-war pressures and war trauma. Others face the social imperatives of caring for their elderly or sick relatives. Limitations in personal life are the main concept of the book reviewed which focuses on the role of the personal sacrifice. This is complemented by the social relations of love and care, the cult of ancestors and the demand for filial devotion. In Vietnamese families, these rules are fixed and are reflected in the linguistic means of communication (e.g., mother—child), which the author analyses from the linguistic point of view and documents it with the use of photographs of communication situations. The review points to alternative interpretations and cultural specifics of living traditions of magical thinking and polygamy.

Illocutionary Compulsion as a Sign of Pseudocommunication

The study is timely and actual, since at present, due to the aggravation of interethnic and interstate relations, it is necessary to study discursive mechanisms, taking into account which would more successfully develop methods and models of dialogical discourse, formulate criteria and choose adequate means of carrying out dialogical activities at different levels of communication. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of dialogical speech in ineffective communication situations. The dialogical discourse fragments extracted by applying continuous sampling method the 20th century fiction which served as the material of the study. The methods of contextual analysis, interactional and intentional analysis were used in the study. The research allows comprehend from a linguistic point of view the regulation process of speech behavior of the dialogical interaction participants, to deepen the knowledge of nature and features of speech communication. Illocutionary compulsion is considered to be creating conditions by the communicant when the communicative partner is forced to participate in the communicative process contrary to the will and desire. The factor of illocutionary compulsion means dialogic interaction infringement on the communicative level, performing communicative characteristics of the dialogical discourse and determining the unity of the content aspect of the dialogical interaction; on the interactive level, which determines the interconnectedness of speech actions in communication; and on the perceptual level, associated with the personal socio-psychological and emotional-expressive characteristics of the communicants. On the communicative level such violations mean inconsistency of communicative intentions and strategies of the partners, inadequacy of the illocutionary focus, both structural and semantic incompatibility of replicas of partners, uninformativeness, unactuality, insignificance of messages within the dialogical interaction, violation of the principles governing speech communication. On the interactive level, such violations are manifested as the lack of interaction synchronization of speech actions of the communicants, non-focus of the partners actions on correlating the goals of each of the parties and on organizing their achievement, the lack of connection between speech courses and the lack of verbal and non-verbal signals providing interaction regulation. On the perceptual level such violations are incompatibility of peculiarities of worldview and world perception of the communicants, inadequacy of perception, interpretation and assessment of communicative partners of each other, inconsistency in motivation for actions, inadequate tonality of communication, incompatibility of expression of an emotional state and psychological mood. Thereby the factor of illocutionary compulsion promotes the formation of pseudocommunicative contacts situations. The process does not lead to the jointly created result, since it is carried out exclusively as a speaking process. The phenomenon of the pseudocommunicative contact includes various types of other negative phenomena and is characterized by the lack of general communicative meaning. The communication is made as a process but not a result therefore it is considered as unsuccessful, ineffective and unpromising

Aerial Flight Paths for Communication

This article presents an understanding of naive users’ perception of the communicative nature of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) motions refined through an iterative series of studies. This includes both what people believe the UAV is trying to communicate, and how they expect to respond through physical action or emotional response. Previous work in this area prioritized gestures from participants to the vehicle or augmenting the vehicle with additional communication modalities, rather than communicating without clear definitions of the states attempting to be conveyed. In an attempt to elicit more concrete states and better understand specific motion perception, this work includes multiple iterations of state creation, flight path refinement, and label assignment. The lessons learned in this work will be applicable broadly to those interested in defining flight paths, and within the human-robot interaction community as a whole, as it provides a base for those seeking to communicate using non-anthropomorphic robots. We found that the Negative Attitudes towards Robots Scale (NARS) can be an indicator of how a person is likely to react to a UAV, the emotional content they are likely to perceive from a message being conveyed, and it is an indicator for the personality characteristics they are likely to project upon the UAV. We also see that people commonly associate motions from other non-verbal communication situations onto UAVs. Flight specific recommendations are to use a dynamic retreating motion from a person to encourage following, use a perpendicular motion to their field of view for blocking, simple descending motion for landing, and to use either no motion or large altitude changes to encourage watching. Overall, this research explores the communication from the UAV to the bystander through its motion, to see how people respond physically and emotionally.

L2 English Speakers’ Perception of Their English Accent: An Investigation of European and Asian Attitudes

According to previous studies, Japanese learners of English (JLEs) have a negative perception of their own variety of English along with a strong desire to sound native-like. Language attitudes toward L2 (second language) English accents may affect their active participation in English communication situations. The present study is cross-national and investigates whether other L2 English learners from different L1 (first language) backgrounds negatively perceive their own variety of English and English pronunciation as JLEs do. A total of 290 college students in Austria, Germany, Denmark, Malaysia, China, Japan, and Kazakhstan evaluated their own accent by responding to 10 statements on a 6-point scale. By comparing the responses as percentages and the binomial test, the analysis revealed that the Japanese perceived their accent most negatively, followed by the Chinese, whereas the Europeans, Malaysians, and Kazakhs perceived their accents positively to varying degrees. Among the seven countries, the L1 Danish group perceived their own variety as native-like most and non-native accent least, where the JLEs showed the opposite results. On the other hand, the endorsement for native accent was recognized across the countries. Based on the results, I claim that individual socio-contextual settings could have a critical impact on developing distinct attitudes toward one’s own accent among EFL speakers. 

Satisfaction Levels, Communication Situations, and Difficulties Encountered by University Students Regarding Distance Education

The aim of this study is to determine university students’ views on planning and conducting lectures in distance education, teaching materials, communication situations, and the difficulties they experience. A descriptive survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the study. Within the scope of the research, a distance education student satisfaction questionnaire developed based on the experiences of the researcher himself and an information form containing the personal information of the participants were used to collect data. The data collection tool was prepared over Google forms and delivered to 1,632 university students via What Sapp and mail. Since the study was prepared in descriptive and scanning type, descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the analysis of the data obtained. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the first, third, fifth, and sixth questions; T-test and ANOVA were used in the analysis of the second and fourth questions. According to the findings of the research, it is seen that the anxiety of the students participating in the research is concentrated on the lectures and exams. Students with self-discipline overcome this process positively, while students without self-discipline often experience problems.

Analyse des besoins en français de spécialité pour étudiants étrangers en stage professionnel en France

In order to make teaching of French for specific purposes more effective, a needs analysis is a necessary step to determine the real needs of students who prepare to use French language at work on a regular basis. Therefore, cooperation between universities and companies or authorities active in labour market is very important. A detailed needs analysis enables us to identify various communication situations, both formal and informal, as well as the possible imperfections in students’ language competence and problematic areas typical for work environment. This article presents results of a qualitative research on French for specific purposes and experience of Czech students during internships in France, using the Grounded Theory Method (GTM). The research sample is composed of eight Czech students of a double degree of French-Czech Public Administration diploma from Masaryk University and University of Rennes 1, and of their French tutors. In their final year of studies, the students spend a two-month internship in French public administration authorities in the city of Rennes. Throughout the internships, the researcher conducted extensive individual interviews. Based on the findings of a thorough and detailed analysis, problematic areas and needs of language and intercultural competence development are identified. The author suggests topics to be integrated in French for specific purposes courses or a new course of an international mobility preparation.

The Use of Psychological Correction Programs to Improve the Occupational Fitness of Correctional Personnel

Introduction: the article examines the results of the application of a short-term psychological correction program, which includes conflict prevention and the development of adaptive behavior skills in difficult communication situations. Aim: based on the results of the study, to identify conditions for the effective use of psychological programs to overcome stress among prison staff. Methods: the tasks set in the work were solved with the help of general scientific research methods within the framework of comparative, statistical and logical analysis and empirical methods such as description and interpretation of the information. The study involved 80 employees of the security department of correctional institutions of the Pskov Oblast, divided into experimental and control groups. The trainings were conducted by full-time psychologists of the departments. To assess the effectiveness, we used the following methods: “Willpower self-assessment scale” by N.N. Obozov, the technique for determining the level of neuropsychic stability “Forecast”, and the questionnaire of interpersonal relations in the adaptation of W. Shchutz. Results: the analysis of the data with the help of mathematical statistics methods has shown that the use of such programs is advisable among employees included in the group of increased attention. These may be persons conditionally recommended for this type of activity, as well as those who have been subjected to the deforming influence of an unfavorable professional environment. A statistically significant result for the experimental group of subjects consisted in a change in the indicators on the sincerity scale, which can mean an increase in self-esteem, trust in the psychologist and the desire to answer the questions honestly. The greatest effectiveness of the training was observed when we were implementing the tested program; this is explained by increased motivation and responsibility for its results. No practical effect of participation in the training was revealed among the personnel who initially had indicators that did not require correction. Conclusions: in order to increase the effectiveness of trainings, it is necessary that psychologists have personal conscious motivation when they work out unique programs that take into account actual needs of correctional staff.

Language communication in a pragmatic perspective: Flouting the cooperative principle

The aim of the article is a pragmatic analysis of various linguistic communication situations in the light of Grice’s principle of cooperation (1975). The analysis shows that language strategies involve a deliberate flouting of the cooperative principle using various pragmatic functions. The presented communication strategies in English, German, Polish and Russian show similarities in their occurrence. The sender may convey intentions not directly, but by hidden means of expression which often become an exponent of an apparent question, a change in the argumentative direction, the use of ambiguous words, irony or even silence. Hence, we can talk about the implementation of the pragmatic functions of “language avoidance”, “counter-argumentation”, “counter-proposal”, “irony” etc.

The Efficient Proportional Myerson Values for Hypergraph Games

This study deals with a class of efficient extensions of Myerson value for games with hypergraph communication situations in which the surplus is allocated proportionally. We introduce w -fairness of surplus and provide axiomatic characterizations of the new allocation rule. Furthermore, we give an example of research fund distribution amongst researchers, compare the numerical results with several values, and realize other efficient extensions of Myerson value can be obtained depending on the different measure function w on the hypergraph.

A bizalom és az empatikus kommunikáció szerepe és eszközei az egészségügyben a COVID–19-járvány idején

Összefoglaló. A járvánnyal szembeni védekezés során mindennapossá vált a maszkhasználat, amely jelentős kihívást jelent a hétköznapi kommunikációs helyzetekben. Az egészségügy bizonyos területein korábban is jelen volt ez a probléma, azonban a most általános érvényű, folyamatos maszkviselés és védőruha-használat szimbolikus és gyakorlati értelemben is akadályként jelenik meg az orvos és a páciens között, ami több szinten nehezíti a hatékony kapcsolatteremtést és kommunikációt. Ezért szükségessé vált olyan egységes kommunikációs protokollok kidolgozása, amelyek segítik a bizalmi kapcsolat kiépítését az egészségügyben úgy, hogy az ellátók érzelmi elérhetősége és a biztonságos fizikai távolságtartás egyszerre valósuljon meg. Tanulmányunk célja, hogy a kurrens szakirodalom áttekintése révén összefoglaljuk a maszkviselés és a védőruha-használat hatásait az orvos-beteg kommunikációra és a kapcsolatban megjelenő bizalomra és empátiás folyamatokra, valamint fel kívánjuk hívni a figyelmet az egészségügyi személyzetet érő hatásokra is. Célunk továbbá, hogy a hazai és nemzetközi tapasztalatokat figyelembe véve olyan ajánlásokat fogalmazzunk meg, melyek segítségével javítható az egészségügyi dolgozók kommunikációja, azon keresztül pedig az ellátás legfontosabb szereplőinek, a betegeknek és az ellátóknak az elégedettsége a kapcsolattal. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(23): 897–904. Summary. In the fight against the epidemic, the use of masks has become commonplace, which is a significant challenge in everyday communication situations. This problem has been present in some areas of healthcare in the past, but today’s universal use of masks and personal protective equipment (PPE) is both a symbolic and practical barrier between doctor and patient, making it difficult to establish an effective communication and connectivity on several levels. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop unified communication protocols that help building a relationship of trust in healthcare so that emotional availability of providers and safe physical distance are achieved simultaneously. The aim of our study is to summarize the effects of mask wearing and PPE usage on the physician-patient communication and also the trust and empathy processes that emerge within the relationship through the review of the current literature. We would also like to draw attention to the effects on healthcare staff. Our goal is also to formulate recommendations, taking into account domestic and international experience, that can be used to improve the communication of healthcare professionals, and through that, the satisfaction of the most important actors in care, patients and caregivers. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(23): 897–904.