The Rise of Merchants and Traders in Eighteenth-century Rajasthan, India: An Exploratory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
Meera Malhan ◽  
Shalini Saksena
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Commercial Relationships

The collapse of the Mughal Empire in Rajasthan during the first half of the eighteenth century initiated important reconfigurations in its polity, society and economy. Emergence of regional political order and a new notion of commercialisation widened the sphere of engagements of merchants and traders. This article traces the structural changes that ensued, focusing specifically on (a) the emergence of the non-peasant sector in agriculture, (b) the rise of a cross-caste mercantile class and (c) change in commercial relationships under the new governance between the principalities, traders, artisans and the merchants. The research is based on insights from rich archival primary sources from the Rajasthan State Archives in Bikaner, focusing primarily on careful and extensive examination of the Bahis. With the objective of enriching the current understanding of how trade and commerce played a pivotal role in serving as engines of social change and economic growth, this study finds ample evidence of thriving trade, growing commercialisation and capitalist development, characterised by complex financial networks and an intricate system of credit in highly speculative commodity trade markets. Evident economic prosperity in most parts of Rajasthan helps add to the existing literature debunking the idea of eighteenth century being a ‘dark age’.

Diplomacy of the Concil of Lithuania in Entente powers

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Sandra Grigaravičiūté
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
National Council ◽  
Central State ◽  
Direct Indication ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The research reveals appointment, competence and type of activities of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania delegated to represent the Council of Lithuania, Lithuania’s interests or affairs abroad (in neutral and “belligerent countries”) from 22 October 1917 to 11 November 1918. The Entente Powers include the United States, Great Britain, France and also Italy in some cases. Russia, which also belonged to the Entente, is left outside the scope of the research, because after Soviet Russia signed the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918), it did no longer fight on the side of the Entente. The research on the diplomacy of the Council of Lithuania in the Entente Powers was carried out on the basis of published (press, memoirs, published documents) and unpublished sources (from the Lithuanian Central State Archives, Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences). The study employed the methods of analysis and comparison, the descriptive method, and the comparison of sources and literature. While processing the primary sources, in particular in French and German languages, the logistic-analytical method was applied (the notional content and information analysis was carried out). The research consists of two parts. In the first part of investigation the author analyzes the appointment and competence of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania in neutral and “belligerent countries” and concludes, that the analysis of the circumstances of appointment and chronology of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania in neutral and “belligerent countries” as well as the content of their authorizations made it clear that permanent authorized representatives, Juozas Purickis and Vladas Daumanatas-Dzimidavičius, who were appointed on 22 October 1917, had their residence in Lausanne and constituted a part of the collegial body of Lithuanian National Council, were authorized to represent the Council of Lithuania; however, only Purickis’ authorization included the phrase “to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad”; there was no indication as to what countries were meant. An equivalent wording – “to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad” – was also included in the texts of authorizations of non-permanent authorized representatives – Augustinas Voldemaras and Konstantinas Olšauskas. The material contained in the minutes of the meetings of the Council of Lithuania entails that “representation in belligerent countries” also meant representation in the Entente Powers, though no direct indication was included. In the second part of the study the author reveals the specific type of activities of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania (October 1917 – November 1918) and states, that Permanent representatives of the Council of Lithuania, who were based in Lausanne and formed a part of the collegial Lithuanian National Council, did not always coordinate their diplomatic steps in the Entente Powers or in their embassies in Bern; hence, the Council of Lithuania had to deny or dissociate itself from certain statements made by the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) (the declaration of separation from Russia of 25 December 1917; the protest telegram of June 1918). Both permanent and non-permanent representatives of the Council of Lithuania authorized to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad shared the same goal of seeking “the recognition of the right to self-determination for the Lithuanian nation” and the recognition of independence declared by the Council of Lithuania (on the basis of Part I of the Act of 11 December 1917 and the Act of 16 February 1918).

Saints of Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Religious Study ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Depth Analysis

Saints of Resistance is the first non-religious study focused on the dynamic life of saints and their devotees in the Spanish Philippines from the sixteenth through the early part of the eighteenth century. It offers an in-depth analysis of the origins and development of the beliefs and rituals surrounding some of the most popular saints in the Philippines during the period of early Spanish rule, namely, Santo Niño de Cebu, Our Lady of Caysasay, Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval, and Our Lady of Antipolo. This study recovers the voices of colonized Philippine subjects as well as those of Spaniards who, through veneration of miraculous saints, projected and relieved their grievances, anxieties, and histories of communal suffering. Based on critical readings of primary sources, it traces how individuals and their communities refashioned iconographic devotions to the Holy Child and to Mary by often introducing non-Catholic elements to their cults, derived from pre-Hispanic, animistic, or Chinese traditions. This book ultimately reveals how Philippine natives, Chinese migrants, and Spaniards reshaped the imported devotions as expressions of dissidence, resistance, and survival.

Post-Byzantine hermeneiai zographikes in the eighteenth century and their dissemination in the Balkans during the nineteenth century

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Moutafov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This article focuses on the significance of the Orthodox painters’ manuals, called hermeneiai zographikes, in the development of post-Byzantine iconography and painting technology and techniques in the Balkans during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Using a number of unpublished painters’ manuals (Greek and Slavonic) as primary sources for the study of Christian and Ottoman culture in the Balkan peninsula, it is possible to examine perceptions of Europe in the Balkans, in particular the principal routes for the transmission of ideas of the European Enlightenment, as well as the role of artists as mediators in the processes of ‘Europeanization'.

Speaking Solfeggio

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-127
Author(s):  
Nicholas Baragwanath
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vincenzo Bellini

The chapter begins the lessons in the eighteenth-century art of melody, involving practical engagement with real historical solfeggi. It provides instruction in the first year of study: how to name notes in the eighteenth-century manner by a process known as “reading,” or “spoken solfeggio.” The lessons cover the simple scale, hard and soft melody, the compound scale, minor keys, accidentals, and key signatures and modulation. In keeping with the original method, the instruction covers not only note-naming but also basic aspects of theory. The method applies to melodies from the era of Arcangelo Corelli to that of Vincenzo Bellini, or roughly 1680–1830. In an appendix, seven supplementary guidelines are put forward to deal with ambiguities and complexities in the primary sources.

scholarly journals Renowned scientist, pedagogue, and physician Dedicated to the memory of the 110th anniversary of Bronius Sidaravičius’s birth

Medicina ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Gryta Laurynaitytė ◽  
Asta Lignugarienė ◽  
Skaidra Valiukevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Venereal Diseases ◽  
Skin Allergy ◽  
Allergic Skin ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The University

This year we celebrate the 110th anniversary of Bronius Sidaravičius’s (1897–1969) birth. He was a renowned Lithuanian dermato-venereologist, professor, head of the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases at Vytautas Magnus University (1935–1946, 1956–1969), the founder and the chair of the Lithuanian Society of Dermato-venereologists, coeditor of the prewar journal “Medicina.” He is an author of more than 100 articles and the very first course book on dermato-venereology in Lithuanian. He completed a part of his medical studies at universities in Germany. In Vienna University (1930), B. Sidaravičius performed clinical and experimental studies on the passive transmission of skin allergy, which had a major impact on the diagnostics of allergic skin diseases and specific desensibilization. He published the results of his study in the foreign literature and in the doctoral dissertation “Skin allergy and its treatment” in 1931. Thanks to the efforts of B. Sidaravičius and his colleagues, a progressive Law on Control and Prevention of Venereal Diseases was enacted in Lithuania. According to this Law, examinations and treatment of venereal diseases became compulsory and free of charge at state- or municipality-financed venereal outpatient units. This article was prepared on the basis of primary sources: protocols of the Council (the Faculty of Medicine, the University of Lithuania; since 1930 – Vytautas Magnus University) kept at the Museum of the History of Lithuania Medicine and Pharmacy as well as documents preserved at the Lithuanian State Archives and also scientific journals and periodicals both in Lithuanian and foreign languages.

scholarly journals A Historiography of Islamic Law in the Mughal Empire

2016 ◽  
pp. 492-510
Author(s):  
M. Reza Pirbhai
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Late Works

Whereas political and cultural histories of the Mughal Sultanate (1526–1858) abound, the study of Islamic law under the state’s auspices is less clearly drawn. This article considers the reasons behind the dearth by outlining the process by which major archival collections came into being and critically evaluating the secondary works produced over the last century and half. It argues that two factors are primarily responsible: 1) the qualitative and quantitative paucity of extant documentation as a consequence of no Mughal state archives and the fact that contemporary collections originated with British colonialism; 2) the approach too often taken by historians of South Asia. Early secondary works make little to no distinction between treatises reflexive of legal theory and practice, while many late works compensate by considering theory entirely divorced from Mughal practice. For the study of Islamic law under the Mughals to progress, practical and theoretical obstacles must be overcome.

Further Additions to Materials for West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland by Patricia Carson

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
H. M. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
West African ◽  
African History ◽  
Guinea Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Hague ◽  
State Archives

This article is a supplement to a previous article on the same subject published in the African Studies Bulletin. Before I list further citations omitted from Materials for West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland, I will discuss, in some detail, the nature of the archival material deposited in the Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague. I will attempt to enhance the brief discussions of Miss Carson while avoiding repetition of statements which seem clear and/or are adequately discussed in her book. The General State Archives, The Hague, includes two major collections of interest to the West African historian: the Archives of the West India Companies and the Archives of the Netherlands Settlements on the Guinea Coast. Initially, one must realize that most of the seventeenth-century papers of both collections have been lost or destroyed, and that as a consequence there are many gaps among the existing manuscripts. For example, volume 81 (1658-1709) of the Archives of the Netherlands Settlements on the Guinea Coast includes only manuscripts for the following times: December 25, 1658-June 12, 1660; August, 1693; and October 12-December 31, 1709. Also, most of the seventeenth-century material is written in script, whereas the eighteenth-century manuscripts, with some exceptions, are in more conventional hand-writings.

The Ferghana Valley at the crossroads of world history: the rise of Khoqand, 1709–1822

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Levi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
World History ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Cultural Activity ◽  
Regional Power ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Ferghana Valley

AbstractThe Khanate of Khoqand emerged, flourished and collapsed during the era of Chinese and Russian imperial expansion into Central Asia. While eighteenth-century Central Asia has long been considered to have been an unimportant backwater ‘on the margins of world history’, this essay juxtaposes focused research in local primary sources with a world historical perspective in an effort to illuminate some of the ways in which the region remained interactively engaged with its neighbours and, through them, with historical processes unfolding across the globe. The essay argues that these interactions were substantial, and that they contributed to Khoqand’s emergence as a significant regional power and centre of Islamic cultural activity in pre-colonial Central Asia.

Making Habeas Work

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Early National Period ◽  
Guantanamo Bay ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Definition Of

Habeas corpus, known as the Great Writ of Liberty, is a judicial order that requires government officials to produce a prisoner in court, persuade an independent judge of the correctness of their claimed factual and legal justifications for the individual’s imprisonment, or else release the captive. Frequently the officials resist being called to account. Much of the history of the rule of law, including the history being made today, has emerged from the resulting clashes. This book, heavily based on primary sources from the colonial period and the early national period and significant research in the New Hampshire State Archives, seeks to illuminate the past and draw lessons for the present. It expands the definition of habeas corpus from a formal one to a functional one; traces the role of the writ as one element in an overall system for restraining government power; and explains how understanding the writ as an instrument for the enforcement of checks and balances illuminates a range of current issues including the struggle against terrorism and detentions at Guantanamo Bay, curbing domestic violence, the requirements for Brexit, and many others.

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