Making Habeas Work

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Early National Period ◽  
Guantanamo Bay ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Definition Of

Habeas corpus, known as the Great Writ of Liberty, is a judicial order that requires government officials to produce a prisoner in court, persuade an independent judge of the correctness of their claimed factual and legal justifications for the individual’s imprisonment, or else release the captive. Frequently the officials resist being called to account. Much of the history of the rule of law, including the history being made today, has emerged from the resulting clashes. This book, heavily based on primary sources from the colonial period and the early national period and significant research in the New Hampshire State Archives, seeks to illuminate the past and draw lessons for the present. It expands the definition of habeas corpus from a formal one to a functional one; traces the role of the writ as one element in an overall system for restraining government power; and explains how understanding the writ as an instrument for the enforcement of checks and balances illuminates a range of current issues including the struggle against terrorism and detentions at Guantanamo Bay, curbing domestic violence, the requirements for Brexit, and many others.

scholarly journals Renowned scientist, pedagogue, and physician Dedicated to the memory of the 110th anniversary of Bronius Sidaravičius’s birth

Medicina ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
Gryta Laurynaitytė ◽  
Asta Lignugarienė ◽  
Skaidra Valiukevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Venereal Diseases ◽  
Skin Allergy ◽  
Allergic Skin ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The University

This year we celebrate the 110th anniversary of Bronius Sidaravičius’s (1897–1969) birth. He was a renowned Lithuanian dermato-venereologist, professor, head of the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases at Vytautas Magnus University (1935–1946, 1956–1969), the founder and the chair of the Lithuanian Society of Dermato-venereologists, coeditor of the prewar journal “Medicina.” He is an author of more than 100 articles and the very first course book on dermato-venereology in Lithuanian. He completed a part of his medical studies at universities in Germany. In Vienna University (1930), B. Sidaravičius performed clinical and experimental studies on the passive transmission of skin allergy, which had a major impact on the diagnostics of allergic skin diseases and specific desensibilization. He published the results of his study in the foreign literature and in the doctoral dissertation “Skin allergy and its treatment” in 1931. Thanks to the efforts of B. Sidaravičius and his colleagues, a progressive Law on Control and Prevention of Venereal Diseases was enacted in Lithuania. According to this Law, examinations and treatment of venereal diseases became compulsory and free of charge at state- or municipality-financed venereal outpatient units. This article was prepared on the basis of primary sources: protocols of the Council (the Faculty of Medicine, the University of Lithuania; since 1930 – Vytautas Magnus University) kept at the Museum of the History of Lithuania Medicine and Pharmacy as well as documents preserved at the Lithuanian State Archives and also scientific journals and periodicals both in Lithuanian and foreign languages.

scholarly journals The challenges and controversies of measuring disease activity in systemic sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ross ◽  
Murray Baron ◽  
Mandana Nikpour
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Alteration ◽  
Definition Of

Major alteration of the natural history of systemic sclerosis is limited with current treatments, and the development of novel therapies has been hampered, in part, by the lack of fully validated multi-system outcome measures. There remains a lack of consensus as to the very definition of systemic sclerosis disease activity, complicating efforts to measure activity in clinical trials. Previously published multi-system measures of disease status are yet to be fully validated according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) filter. There is currently significant research interest in developing new systemic sclerosis–specific measures to better describe and compare patient cohorts and measure therapeutic responses in clinical trials. An accurate measure of disease activity in systemic sclerosis will facilitate the enrichment of clinical trials with patients who have active disease, targeting a group of patients most likely to benefit from therapeutic intervention. In addition, following on from successes in other rheumatic conditions, a state of low disease activity, measured by an activity index, may become a clinical trial end point and therapeutic target. The Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium has undertaken to develop a definition of disease activity and fully validate a new systemic sclerosis activity index. The Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Activity Index will be developed using consensus and data-driven methods and is envisaged to be widely used in research and clinical settings.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF CHARITIES BY ISLAMIC SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN YOGYAKARTA, 1912-1931: A HISTORY OF ISLAMIC WEALTH MANAGEMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ghifari Yuristiadhi ◽  
Bambang Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Local Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Third Shift

This article was written in order to find a model of the development ofIslamic charities organized by bumiputera in the early 20th century inYogyakarta. This socio-economic history research using historical research methods that utilize primary sources such as archives, photographs, books and newspapers as well as the contemporary of secondary sources such as books, journals, and articles. The conclusion of this article is that the presence of transformation of charities in Yogyakarta in the period 1920s-1930s caused by 1) the dynamic moments around the period of the emergence of privately plantation by European, 2) the implementation of the land reorganization in the region of Yogyakarta Sultanate, 3) the emergence of �urban santri� as the new middle class in urban Yogyakarta, and 4) dynamic Islamic social organizations. In addition, the transformationof charities happens consists of three processes. First, change the concept and definition of waqf be more specific. Secondly, changing of the charities model that presented by the Islamic social movements. Third, shift of waqf and charities authority management that also change management culture. One thing that can be seen from this phenomenon is the emergence of local responses on colonialism with a more elegant and become the new social movements as well as showing the existence of civil society.

A Pretender on Gowa' Throne. The War of Batara Gowa I. Singkilang in South West Celebes, 1776–c. 1790

Itinerario ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-177
Author(s):  
M.P.H. Roessingh
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
High Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Hague ◽  
State Archives ◽  
State Of Affairs

The subject of this article is the fight for the throne in the kingdom of Gowa at the end of the 18th century, during the decline of the Dutch East India Company, a period which also saw the downfall of Gowa and the supremacy of Bone. The sources for the history of this period are twofold: on one hand the indigenous sources, “lontara-bilang” (diaries) and other records in Buginese and Makassarese; secondly, the European writings, principally the archival materials from the Dutch government at Makassar, supplemented by travel accounts and reports of the English. My primary sources are almost exclusively Dutch, namely the papers of the VOC, as they are preserved in the General State Archives in The Hague. To be more precise, these sources may be in Dutch, but in addition to the letters etc. written by Company officials, they also contain translations from documents drawn up by the rulers of Bone and Gowa or other of Asians. Moreover, the governors of Makassar often made use of indigenous sources, both oral and written, in preparing their lengthy memoirs about the state of affairs in their district. In 1736, the High Government in Batavia decided that two accurate genealogical tables must be prepared of the royal houses of Bone and Gowa.

scholarly journals Z historii prasy największych zakładów przemysłowych Wrocławia i okolic 1946–1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 53-90
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Korczyńska-Derkacz
Keyword(s):  
Historical Overview ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regional Committee ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Archive Material

FROM THE PRESS HISTORY OF THE LARGEST INDUSTRIAL PLANTS IN WROCŁAW AND THE SURROUNDING AREA 1946–1990The author presents a historical overview of company newspapers published in Wrocław and two nearby towns — Brzeg Dolny and Jelcz-Laskowice — where large industrial plants employing thousands of people living in the Lower Silesian capital were located. The article consists of two parts. In the first the author quotes the definition of company press, discusses its function and on the basis of figures from Ruch Wydawniczy w Liczbach [Polish Publishing in Figures] from 1968–1992 presents the publication frequency and geography of such publications with regard to the whole country. Part two is devoted to company newspapers published in the region referred to in the title. Drawing on an analysis of archive material kept in the State Archives in Wrocław, especially documents produced by the Regional Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party in 1971–1978, the author examines the party nature of these publications and the requirements imposed on their editorial teams. She analyses the following publications in chronological order: Pafawag 1946–1990, Ku Nowemu 1954–1990, Żeglarz Odrzański 1954–1981, Życie Załogi 1956–1981, Nasze Problemy 1969–1990, Intermoda 1972–1981, Elwro 1973–1981, Polar 1976–1981, as well as one from Brzeg Dolny Głos Rokity, 1954–1981 and Jelcz-Laskowice Głos Jelcza 1962–2001. She points to formal features like format, size and circulation; editorial features, especially changes in the graphic layout of the headpiece; lists members of the editorial teams and briefly describes the profile of each newspaper in question.

Seismic History of Central North Anatolian Region: New Contribution from Ottoman Archives

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2590-2600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Şeşetyan ◽  
Orhan Sakin ◽  
Serpil Sönmez ◽  
Mine Betül Demircioğlu Tümsa
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earthquake Effects ◽  
Macroseismic Information ◽  
Archive Material

Abstract Contemporary Ottoman sources bring a major contribution to the description of the seismic activity in the eastern Mediterranean region and are extensively used by historical seismologists. Among these, the documents of the Ottoman State Archives (Istanbul), and more specifically the correspondence of the local governors with the central authorities form a valuable source for the description of the earthquake effects in territories, which were under the Ottoman rule. Especially for the more recent periods, we observe that not only major earthquakes but also small-to-moderate-size events with local effects find their place in these documents. However, due to the complex and insufficiently categorized structure of the archival material, as well as the need for expertize in Ottoman language and history, except the sections covered in the works of N. Ambraseys and C. Finkel and a number of earthquake-specific studies, these documents are not yet fully exploited in the definition of the regional seismic history. In this pilot study, we investigate the Ottoman archive material related to earthquake effects in the central North Anatolian region and search for possible supportive or new contribution to the seismic history of the study area. The period of investigation is the nineteenth century, with occasional data also found for the pre and postperiod. The study revealed supportive information for 15 earthquakes that were already known to previous compilations, and data for 19 earthquakes that we categorize as new events, demonstrating the value of this primary source and the wealth of macroseismic information that can still be extracted, revealing earthquakes so far unknown as well as enriching the descriptive information related to already known ones.

Hezbollah

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Daher
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Society Today

Almost thirty years after its foundation, Lebanese Hezbollah is an organization that remains difficult to understand. What exactly is Hezbollah? An Islamist terrorist group dedicated to destroying Israel? The first Arab national resistance to have ever defeated Tel Aviv's troops? A patriotic and respectable party or a fascist network having managed to control all levels of Lebanese political life? How did this organization acquire such an important role in the Middle-Eastern game and in Lebanese politics? This book has three purposes. Firstly, to clearly articulate a definition of Hezbollah, presenting a thorough history of the party, describing its internal structure and the large scope of its social and political action. Secondly, to explain the evolution of the party's mobilization. And finally, to illustrate another path, political but mainly identity-related: that of the Shiite community, the main constituent of Lebanese society today. Through a rigorous and richly documented study, based on primary sources including hundreds of interviews with rank and file members, executives and officials of the party, and research material never examined before, the author unveils brand new aspects of this organization, thus completing our understanding of both the "Hezbollah phenomenon" and Lebanese politics of the last two decades.

Students With Mild Intellectual Disability at the Turn of the 20th Century in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztina Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Mild Intellectual Disability ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Initial attempts to conceptually define intellectual disability have played a significant role in the history of education of children with intellectual disabilities. In Hungary, the definition of intellectual disability has undergone many changes, which is related to disciplinary development. Nowadays, in special education, the term “intellectual disability” refers to a complex phenomenon which is reflected, for example, in the significant variability on the level of intellectual functioning. This study focuses on a narrower area of this very complex phenomenon. It makes children with mild intellectual disability – one of the categories of people with intellectual disabilities, the subject of analysis. The research analyzes the contemporary professional terminology and classification of mild intellectual disability on the basis of primary sources. It also examines whom and according to what symptoms professionals classified as a member of this student population, taking into account the scientific conceptions at the turn of the 20th century (for the naming of children with mild intellectual disability, see pp. 19–20). In pedagogical narratives published at that time, the term “weak- talented child” was the most commonly used expression.

scholarly journals Podiilia sugar industry owners under Stalinist struggle for “mono‑majority” in the Soviet society

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Kyrylo Mieliekiestsev ◽  
Oleksandr But
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sugar Mills ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
State Archives

The aim: firstly, to show the essence of Stalin’s understanding of the Anti-Soviet elements in the context of the Socialist Successes, and, secondly, to describe neglected attitude of the authorities to the sugar industry on the example of Podillia. The Source base. The article is based on the analysis of archived investigation cases of the former NKVD found in the State Archives of Vinnytsia Region, and in “Rehabilitated by History” book series, detailing specific examples of mass arrests of sugar industry owners: from the leadership of the Oblast Sugar Trust to various directors and chief engineers of sugar mills and factories. Research methods. The historical-critical method helped to separate official propaganda from the essence of facts in the analysis of primary sources. This allows to prove the positive dynamics of development and real successes of the sugar industry, as evidenced by the author’s tables. The historical-comparative method leads to actualization of common features of the Soviet totalitarianism with the authoritarian regimes of the 21st century. Main results. Based on the analysis of in-depth reading of documents of the VIII Extraordinary Congress of the Soviets of the USSR and the long taboo regarding the researching of documents of the February-March (1937) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b), it is evident that the Secretary General of the ruling party reached a strategic conclusion. Stalin succeeded in convincing the party-state elite that the new “enemies of the people” came neither from the capitalist camp, nor from the ranks of “bourgeois specialists”, but rather from inside the party itself, declaring that the economic cadres were “clogged by spies and saboteurs”. The authors highlight the extent of the damage caused by the Great Terror to one of the important industries of Ukraine, which limited the supply of sugar to the population. Conclusions. Mass repression would have been impossible without one party’s absolute control over government and society, which is a lesson for future generations. Practical meaning. The article’s results sufficiently provide an additional justification for further studies of mass repressions and the Soviet totalitarianism, and also constitute a warning to state leaders against such “excesses” in the search for “mono-majority”. The data may be used for textbooks on the history of Ukraine, Vinnytsia Region, Polish community in Podillia, in regional studies, mass media and in fiction. Originality. The article is based on recently opened archives concerning the fate of victims of terror. Scientific novelty. The data from DAVO’s archives on the oppressed personnel of the sugar industry was first introduced into scientific circulation and summarized, the names of little-known owners of the industry are restored. Type of article: analytical.

The Qazaqs and the Central Asian Principalities in the 18th and the First Half of the 19th Centuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45
Author(s):  
Zhuldyz Tulibayeva
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Central State ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives

The purpose of the article is the introduction and critical study of new materials about Qazaq political and commercial relations with the Central Asian khanates. This article is primarily based on the Bukharan narrative sources as well as archival documents in the Turkic and Russian languages from the Central State Archives of Kazakhstan (Almaty), which contain material not yet analyzed from our perspective. These primary sources contain the most important and comprehensive information on the various aspects of the history of the Qazaqs and their relations with the Central Asian principalities in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries. Relations between Qazaq khans and other Central Asian khanates took various forms. The periods of military conflict between Qazaq Jüzes and Central Asian khanates and mutual attacks alternated with periods of peaceful neighbourly relations. Some Qazaq khans and sultans found in the Central Asian khanates a refuge from their pursuers; others maintained vassal relations with the Central Asian states.

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