Population Density and Covid Spatial Dynamics: A Critical Assessment of Indian Districts

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-439
Author(s):  
Faiz Ahmed Chundeli ◽  
Kusum Lata ◽  
Adinarayanane Ramamurthy ◽  
Minakshi Jain
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Indian Cities

In this article, a critical assessment of urban density and Covid-19 incidences in Indian cities is explored. The top hundred Covid-19 reported districts are analysed. The ArcGIS 10.1 statistical tool Getis-Ord Gi* is used in the identification of statistically significant Covid-19 clusters across India. Attempts are made to empirically establish the correlation between the urban density, the number of reported cases, and their possible impact on health infrastructure in general and planning in specific. Based on the results from 164 out of 693 district datasets, analyses have shown high positive spatial autocorrelation, which is more than 24% of the districts analysed. Further, the results show that southern districts are more affected than the Central and northern districts of India. Although a positive association between reported cases and the urban density was found, in high-density urban areas, the relationship with infection rate varied, which should be looked at together with other variables such as people’s activities and behaviours.

scholarly journals The association between self-harm and area-level characteristics in Northern Ireland: an ecological study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 948-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Griffin ◽  
Brendan Bonner ◽  
Christina B Dillon ◽  
Denise O’Hagan ◽  
Paul Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Deprived Areas

Abstract Background Factors contributing to suicidal behaviour are complex and multi-faceted. This study took an ecological approach to examine the association between area-level factors and rates of self-harm in Northern Ireland. Methods Data on self-harm presentations to emergency departments (EDs) were obtained from the Northern Ireland Self-harm Registry. The study included residents of Northern Ireland aged 16–64 years. Deprivation was measured using the Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2017. Population density and social fragmentation were calculated using measures from the 2011 census. Associations between area-level factors and self-harm rates were explored using negative binomial regression. Results Between 2013 and 2015, 14 477 individuals aged 16–64 years presented to EDs in Northern Ireland following self-harm. The rate of self-harm was 472 per 100 000 and was higher for male residents (478 vs. 467). Self-harm rates were highest in urban areas—680 per 100 000 in Belfast City and 751 per 100 000 in Derry City. Rates of self-harm in Northern Ireland were more than four times higher in the most deprived areas. A positive association with rates of self-harm held for the deprivation domains of employment, crime, education, health and income. There was a moderate association with population density. Some gender differences emerged, with associations with male rates of self-harm more pronounced. Conclusion These findings indicate that self-harm rates are highest for those residing in highly deprived areas, where unemployment, crime and low level of education are challenges. Community interventions tailored to meet the needs of specific areas may be effective in reducing suicidal behaviour.

Do Denser Neighborhoods Have Safer Streets? Population Density and Traffic Safety in the Philadelphia Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 0739456X1984504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Guerra ◽  
Xiaoxia Dong ◽  
Michelle Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Negative Binomial Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Binomial Models ◽  
Density Results

This study uses multilevel negative binomial models to investigate relationships between neighborhood socio-demographics, urban form, roadway characteristics, traffic collisions, injuries, and fatalities on the Philadelphia region’s streets from 2010 to 2014. We pay particular attention to neighborhood population density. Results indicate that streets in denser neighborhoods have fewer overall collisions, injuries, and fatalities. The association with pedestrian safety is mixed and somewhat uncertain across urban areas and model specifications. This study highlights the importance of population density in traffic safety and helps explain some of the variation in findings across studies examining the relationship between urban form and pedestrian safety.

scholarly journals Exposure to Famine During Early Life and Abdominal Obesity in Adulthood: Findings from the Great Chinese Famine During 1959–1961

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Liu ◽  
Dong-mei Yu ◽  
Li-yun Zhao ◽  
Hong-yun Fang ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Famine Exposure ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

Undernutrition during early life may lead to obesity in adulthood. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between famine exposure during early life and the risk of abdominal obesity in adulthood. A total of 18,984 and 16,594 adults were surveyed in 2002 and 2010–2012 in two nationally representative cross-sectional surveys, namely China Nutrition and Health Survey, respectively. The risk of abdominal obesity was evaluated for participants born during 1956–1961 and compared with that of participants born during 1962–1964. The overall prevalence of abdominal obesity in adulthood showed a positive association with famine exposure during early life. The odds ratios of famine exposure were 1.31 (1.19–1.44) and 1.28 (1.17–1.40) in 2002 during fetal life and infancy and 1.09 (1.00–1.19) in 2012 during fetal life, respectively. The relationships between famine exposure and abdominal obesity across the famine exposure groups were distinct among females and those who lived in urban areas and were physical inactive (p < 0.05). Exposure to famine during early life was associated with increased risks of abdominal obesity in adulthood, which was partially alleviated by healthy lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity).

The Role of Road Infrastructure and Air Pollution in the Recent Suburbanization of India’s Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Holian ◽  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Central City ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Indian Cities

This article re-examines the suburbanization of Indian cities by calculating population density gradients, for a large number of urban agglomerations, using recent data and Mills’ two-point method. In the next step, we estimate multiple regression models to explore the determinants of suburbanization. This study presents several methodological advances over previous research, by incorporating new measures of transport infrastructure, air pollution and city–suburb income ratios as determinants of suburbanization of Indian cities. Our results clearly show that suburbanization is higher in urban areas with higher population and lower central city–suburban literacy ratios. We find some evidence that suburbanization is higher in urban areas with more road transport infrastructure, consistent with our expectations, though results concerning air pollution run counter to expectations. However, these could relate to caveats regarding the data and methods.

A sustainability assessment framework for population density in central Indian cities

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanushri Kamble ◽  
Sarika Pankaj Bahadure
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
High Density ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
Physical Density ◽  
Indian Cities ◽  
Density Assessment

PurposeThe urban population in Indian cities is increasing at an alarming speed. Accommodating such a huge population while sustaining the environment is a challenge in urban areas. Compact urban forms with high-density planning is claimed to be a sustainable solution in such situations. Thus, this approach needs to be tested for Indian urban areas.Design/methodology/approachThis paper formulates a neighbourhood sustainability assessment (NSA) framework for monitoring, assessing and managing the population density of urban neighbourhoods. The paper identifies context-specific built density indicators at the neighbourhood scale. It assesses the indicators in neighbourhoods with varying population density by physical and perceived measures. This helps in verifying the feasibility of density by physical density assessment and verifies the acceptability of density by perceived density assessment.FindingsWhen tested in the Indian context, the framework shows that although high-density neighbourhoods are sustainable, certain indicators may endorse differing densities. The result displays that high-density planning is sustainable compared to low- and medium-density neighbourhoods in the selected cities.Practical implicationsThe study demonstrates the application of formulated assessment system in three central Indian cities with useful results. Similar studies can be conducted to identify the gaps for improving sustainability and achieve a livable density pattern.Originality/valueAlthough sustainable development goals are part of new planning policies, there exist very few assessment systems to determine the sustainability of neighbourhoods, especially for density. The methodology will assist in developing sustainability assessment frameworks and encourage the practice of sustainability assessment in developing countries like India.

Growth, Inequality, Poverty, and Urbanization: the Case of India

2019 ◽  
pp. 674-734
Author(s):  
Arup Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
The Relationship

In this chapter the analysis is pursued at three levels of disaggregation: states, districts, and cities with populations over one million. At the state level, urbanization does not show any significant impact on rural poverty, though it tends to reduce poverty in urban areas. Growth influences urbanization positively, while urbanization and expansion in non-agricultural activities both contribute to economic growth. Although urban inequality is not strongly correlated with urbanization and growth, the relationship is distinct. While poverty tends to decline, inequality rises in the process of growth and urbanization. The district-level data confirm a positive association between urbanization, work participation rate, percentage of workforce engaged in non-household manufacturing and services, literacy, growth, and inequality, though the degree of association is mild. Urbanization shows a strong beneficial effect on poverty at both the district and city levels.

scholarly journals Local Population Mapping Using a Random Forest Model Based on Remote and Social Sensing Data: A Case Study in Zhengzhou, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1618
Author(s):  
Ge Qiu ◽  
Yuhai Bao ◽  
Xuchao Yang ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Tingting Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Social Sensing ◽  
Sensing Data

High-resolution gridded population data are important for understanding and responding to many socioeconomic and environmental problems. Local estimates of the population allow officials and researchers to make a better local planning (e.g., optimizing public services and facilities). This study used a random forest algorithm, on the basis of remote sensing (i.e., satellite imagery) and social sensing data (i.e., point-of-interest and building footprint), to disaggregate census population data for the five municipal districts of Zhengzhou city, China, onto 100 × 100 m grid cells. We used a statistical tool to detect areas with an abnormal population density; e.g., areas containing many empty houses or houses rented by more people than allowed, and conducted field work to validate our findings. Results showed that some categories of points-of-interest, such as residential communities, parking lots, banks, and government buildings were the most important contributing elements in modeling the spatial distribution of the residential population in Zhengzhou City. The exclusion of areas with an abnormal population density from model training and dasymetric mapping increased the accuracy of population estimates in other areas with a more common population density. We compared our product with three widely used gridded population products: Worldpop, the Gridded Population of the World, and the 1-km Grid Population Dataset of China. The relative accuracy of our modeling approach was higher than that of those three products in the five municipal districts of Zhengzhou. This study demonstrated potential for the combination of remote and social sensing data to more accurately estimate the population density in urban areas, with minimum disturbance from the abnormal population density.

scholarly journals Population density and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: comparing the geography of the first and second wave in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Rogier Boterman
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Simple Diffusion ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
National Networks ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave

The COVID-19 pandemic has boosted public and scholarly debate about the relationship between infectious disease and the urban. Cities are considered contagious because they are hubs in (inter)national networks and contain high densities of people. However, the role of the urban and population density in the spread of pathogens is complex and is mediated by the wider bio-social environment. This paper analsyes the role of population density in the outbreak of COVID-19 in the densely and highly urbanized context of the Netherlands. It compares the geography of the different phases in the epidemic and assesses when and where density plays a role. Using municipal data on the rate of infections and hospitalizations this paper reveals that spatial patterns differ substantially in time, which does not appear to be simple diffusion. Using panel regressions it is demonstrated that population density plays a role in those stages in which containment and mitigation measures were least strict, while in periods of lock down other factors such as household size are associated with higher infection rates. It concludes that lock downs may have greater effect in urban areas as key elements of urbanity are temporarily cancelled out.

Geotechnologies applied to survey of river water basins in urban areas: case in Tucunduba (Belem-Para-Brazil)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Rosielle Souza Pegado ◽  
Ana Rosa Baganha Barp ◽  
Aline Maria Meiguins de Lima ◽  
Claudio José Calvacante Blanco ◽  
Jackson Roehrig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The spatial dynamics of the multiple uses of river basin of Tucunduba (Belém/PA) is evaluated to identify the relationship between the use and occupation of its territory and its water demands. The methodology employs the use of geotechnologies for the registration of spatialized information and definition of homogeneous zones with regard to socioeconomic and natural features that could indicate the interventions occurred in a period of 12 years in the basin. The results showed a percentage increase of the occupation of the basin unaccompanied by the maintenance of water systems, creating a picture of imbalance between demand and water availability, as well generating conflicts between water usage and the need for preservation of recharge areas. The results also indicated that the application of geotechnologies can be considered a basic component of the process of water and environmental planning, given the possibility of constructing scenarios that model the different interventions that the systems can suffer.

Product Brand Loyalty and Purchase Decision

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Abdul Sami
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Business World ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was an examination of the relationship between product brand loyalty and purchase decision of automotive customers. The study focused on comparative analysis of two famous brands of automobile i-e Honda City and Toyota Corolla Xli and the various effects of product brand loyalty on purchase decision of automotive customers. A cross sectional quantitative research design was employed in the research study. In today’s competitive business world, now most of the marketers and manufacturers of various brands have encountered with multiple variables through which they can not only influence the purchase decision of their customers but also secure their buying preferences. The variables that are used and relevant to this study are product brand loyalty, perceived quality, price, and purchase decision. During examination of the relationship between these variables, study investigated that there is a positive association between product brand loyalty, product perceived quality, price and purchase decision.

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