Surface Characterization of Amalgams Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1470-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hanawa ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
M. Ota ◽  
R.F. Pinizzotto ◽  
J.L. Ferracane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Argon Ion ◽  
Electron Binding Energies

This study is the first to report on the use of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) for studying the surface films (less than 10 nm thick) of aged amalgams. The concentrations and electron binding energies of the elements on the surfaces of four different amalgams aged for 20 min, one day, seven days, and 30 days were determined quantitatively. For comparison, the bulk compositions of the amalgams aged for seven days were also determined after removal of approximately 5 nm of material from the surface by argon-ion-sputtering. The XPS data revealed that the surface films of aged zinc-containing amalgams were not a simple oxide but were primarily composed of a (hydrated) tin and zinc oxy-hydroxide, whereas, in the zinc-free amalgams, the surface films were primarily a tin oxide. The concentration of mercury in this thin surface film after aging was depleted. This suggests that tin and/or zinc preferentially diffused to the surface and combined with oxygen, forming a surface film and diluting the mercury concentration in the surface. Another probable explanation for the depleted mercury is that a minimal amount of mercury in the surface film evaporated during the aging.

Determination of the oxidation state of manganese in lepidolite by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Clay Minerals ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Evans ◽  
E. Raftery
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation State ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Electronic Spectroscopy ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Core Electron ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Occasional Occurrence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Electron Binding Energies

It is usually assumed that the oxidation state of the small proportion of Mn sometimes present in micas is +2, although there is evidence from electronic spectroscopy (Burns, 1970) for at least the occasional occurrence of Mn(III) in manganophyllite. We describe here X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurements on the Mn in a Norwegian lepidolite which was the subject of a concurrent structural study by X-ray photoelectron diffraction (Evans & Raftery, 1982). To establish the Mn oxidation state we have compared the Mn2p core-electron binding energies (BE), the Mn2P3/2-O ls BE differences, and the Mn2p XPS peak profiles from the four common oxides of manganese (MnO, Mn3O4, Mn2O3 and MnO2) with those from the lepidolite. A re-examination of these oxides was undertaken because the agreement between reports in the literature was unsatisfactory, and uncertainty existed concerning the integrity of some of the surfaces previously examined.

Surface Characterization of Carbon-Bearing Magnetite (CBM) and Carbon-Bearing Ni(II)-Ferrite (CBNF)

1994 ◽  
Vol 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sano ◽  
K. Akanuma ◽  
M. Tsuji ◽  
Y. Tamaura
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Spinel Structure ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Carbon Deposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xps Spectra ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

AbstractOxygen-deficient magnetite (ODM; Fe3O4-δ, δ>0) synthesized by reduction of magnetite with H2 at 300°C decomposed CO2 to carbon with an efficiency of nearly 100% at 300°C. In this reaction, two oxygen ions of the CO2 were incorporated into the spinel structure of ODM and carbon was deposited on the surface of ODM with zero valence to form visible particles. The particles of carbon separated from ODM were studied by Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray and wave-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. The carbon which had been deposited on the ODM was found to be a mixture of graphite and amorphous carbon in at least two levels of crystallization. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns of the carbon-bearing magnetite (CBM) showed no indication of carbide (Fe3C) or metallic iron (α-Fe) phase formation. In the C 1s XPS spectra of the CBM, no peaks were observed which could be assigned to CO2 or CO. X-ray diffractometry, chemical analysis and TG-MS measurement showed that the carbon-bearing Ni(II)-ferrite (CBNF) (Ni(II)/Fetotal = 0.15) synthesized by the carbon deposition reaction from CO2 with the H2-reduced Ni(II)-ferrite was represented by (Ni0.28Fe2.72O4.00)1-δ (Ni2+06.9Fe2+2.31O3.00)δCτ (δ= 0.27, τ= 0.17). The carbon of the CBNF gave the CIOlayer-like oxide containing some Ni2+ ions.

Surface characterization of the high voltage LiCoO2/Li cell by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and 2D correlation analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonju Park ◽  
Nam Hoon Kim ◽  
Ja Young Kim ◽  
In-Yong Eom ◽  
Yeon Uk Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
2D Correlation Analysis

Surface Characterization of an Extruded 6060 Al Alloy

2007 ◽  
Vol 29-30 ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jim Metson ◽  
C.L. Nguyen ◽  
S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Extrusion Direction ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Film Instability ◽  
Mg Content

The surface characteristics of an extruded 6060 aluminium alloy were investigated with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that the extruded surface was covered by oxides of aluminium and magnesium. The thickness of aluminium oxide was found to change along the extrusion direction with the thinnest and thickest oxide at the beginning and end of the extrudate, respectively. Magnesium segregation was found on the surface of the extrusion with the highest and lowest Mg concentration at the beginning and end of the extrudate, respectively. This is the inverse result of that expected where increasing Mg content was believed to be associated with film instability and thicker films.

Surface characterization of colloidal polypyrrole particles synthesized with reactive steric stabilizers using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Polymer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (13) ◽  
pp. 2743-2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Simmons ◽  
P.A. Chaloner ◽  
S.P. Armes ◽  
E.T. Kang ◽  
K.L. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
X Ray

Surface Characterization of Electrochemically Fabricated CuO Doped ZnO Thin Film

2005 ◽  
Vol 277-279 ◽  
pp. 972-976
Author(s):  
Jang Hee Yoon ◽  
Yoon Bo Shim ◽  
Chae Ryong Cho ◽  
Mi Sook Won
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Cathodic Current ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Solution Doping

In this study, ZnO and CuO doped zinc oxide thin films were cathodically deposited in aqueous zinc chloride solutions in the presence of oxygen on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate through an electrochemical reaction. A mercurous sulfate electrode was used as a reference electrode and the counter electrode was a Pt spiral wire. Deposition was carried out in solutions containing Zn2+ ions introduced as ZnCl2 salt at concentrations ranging from 5.0 x 10-4 to 5.0 x 10-2 M. The bath temperatures were controlled from 65°C to 80°C. The oxygen gas was introduced from argon/oxygen mixtures allowing its partial pressure to be fixed along with its concentration in the solution. Doping of CuO was carried out in cupric nitrate or a cupric chloride/0.1M KCl solution. The influence of the Cu/Zn concentration, deposition temperature of a solution, applied cathodic potential and deposition time were optimized. After the potential was applied, the cathodic current reached a steady state within 5 min. The composition, and the characterization of the surface of the films were investigated through X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

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