The Reliability of Individual Differences in VOT Imitation

2020 ◽  
pp. 002383092094776
Author(s):  
Lacey Wade ◽  
Wei Lai ◽  
Meredith Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Male Model ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Degree Of Convergence

Recent work has shown that individuals vary in phonetic behaviors in ways that deviate from group norms and are not attributable to sociolinguistically relevant dimensions such as gender or social class. However, it is unknown whether these individual differences observed in the lab are stable characteristics of individuals or whether they simply reflect noise or sporadic fluctuations. This study investigates the individual-level stability in imitation of a model talker’s artificially-lengthened VOT. We use a test–retest design in which the same set of participants perform the same lexical shadowing task on two separate occasions and find that degree of convergence or divergence is highly correlated on an individual basis across visits. Further, we find a strong correlation between individual VOT shifts toward a male model talker and shifts toward a female model talker. Findings contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that averaging over groups of participants masks the complexity of phonetic behaviors, such as imitation, and suggest that individual differences in phonetic behavior are an area of promising future study.

Can an automated sleep detection algorithm for waist-worn accelerometry replace sleep logs?

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1027-1032
Author(s):  
Tiago V. Barreira ◽  
Jessica G. Redmond ◽  
Tom D. Brutsaert ◽  
John M. Schuna ◽  
Emily F. Mire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Dependent Sample ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study was to test whether estimates of bedtime, wake time, and sleep period time (SPT) were comparable between an automated algorithm (ALG) applied to waist-worn accelerometry data and a sleep log (LOG) in an adult sample. A total of 104 participants were asked to log evening bedtime and morning wake time and wear an ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer at their waist for 24 h/day for 7 consecutive days. Mean difference and mean absolute difference (MAD) were computed. Pearson correlations and dependent-sample t tests were used to compare LOG-based and ALG-based sleep variables. Effect sizes were calculated for variables with significant mean differences. A total of 84 participants provided 2+ days of valid accelerometer and LOG data for a total of 368 days. There was no mean difference (p = 0.47) between LOG 472 ± 59 min and ALG SPT 475 ± 66 min (MAD = 31 ± 23 min, r = 0.81). There was no significant mean difference between bedtime (2348 h and 2353 h for LOG and ALG, respectively; p = 0.14, MAD = 25 ± 21 min, r = 0.92). However, there was a significant mean difference between LOG (0741 h) and ALG (0749 h) wake times (p = 0.01, d = 0.11, MAD = 24 ± 21 min, r = 0.92). The LOG and ALG data were highly correlated and relatively small differences were present. The significant mean difference in wake time might not be practically meaningful (Cohen’s d = 0.11), making the ALG useful for sample estimates. MAD, which gives a better estimate of the expected differences at the individual level, also demonstrated good evidence supporting ALG individual estimates.

scholarly journals Validation of a digitally displayed photographic food portion-size estimation aid among women in urban and rural Malawi

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 3140-3150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie L Flax ◽  
Chrissie Thakwalakwa ◽  
Courtney H Schnefke ◽  
Heather Stobaugh ◽  
John C Phuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Portion Size Estimation

AbstractObjective:To validate digitally displayed photographic portion-size estimation aids (PSEA) against a weighed meal record and compare findings with an atlas of printed photographic PSEA and actual prepared-food PSEA in a low-income country.Design:Participants served themselves water and five prepared foods, which were weighed separately before the meal and again after the meal to measure any leftovers. Participants returned the following day and completed a meal recall. They estimated the quantities of foods consumed three times using the different PSEA in a randomized order.Setting:Two urban and two rural communities in southern Malawi.Participants:Women (n 300) aged 18–45 years, equally divided by urban/rural residence and years of education (≤4 years and ≥5 years).Results:Responses for digital and printed PSEA were highly correlated (>91 % agreement for all foods, Cohen’s κw = 0·78–0·93). Overall, at the individual level, digital and actual-food PSEA had a similar level of agreement with the weighed meal record. At the group level, the proportion of participants who estimated within 20 % of the weighed grams of food consumed ranged by type of food from 30 to 45 % for digital PSEA and 40–56 % for actual-food PSEA. Digital PSEA consistently underestimated grams and nutrients across foods, whereas actual-food PSEA provided a mix of under- and overestimates that balanced each other to produce accurate mean energy and nutrient intake estimates. Results did not differ by urban and rural location or participant education level.Conclusions:Digital PSEA require further testing in low-income settings to improve accuracy of estimations.

scholarly journals Disentangling Meritocracy Among the Long-Range Upwardly Mobile: The Chilean Case

2020 ◽  
pp. 136078042096339
Author(s):  
Malik Fercovic
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Future Study ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Neoliberal Reforms ◽  
The Us ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
The Individual

In a world of rising income and wealth inequalities, studying popular concern or consent about inequality, social mobility and meritocracy is increasingly relevant. However, while there is growing body of research on the explanations individuals provide for inequality in the US and Europe, there is a striking absence of studies addressing how people experiencing long-range upward mobility relate to meritocratic values in Latin American societies. In this article I draw upon on 60 life-course interviews to examine how long-range upwardly mobile individuals – those who best embody the meritocratic ideal – explain their success in Chilean society. Internationally well-known for the implementation of radical neoliberal reforms since the mid 1970s, Chile has both elevated levels of inequality and high rates of occupational mobility. Contrary to the individual-centred approach to meritocratic success dominant in the existing literature, my findings reveal a strong collective framing in respondents’ accounts and the acknowledgement of external factors shaping their upward trajectories. These findings bear important conceptual, methodological and geographical implications for the future study of social mobility and meritocratic values.

Justice in Teams

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincente Martínez-Tur ◽  
Carolina Moliner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Successful Model ◽  
Shared Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Justice Climate

Traditionally, justice in teams refers to a specific climate—called justice climate—describing shared perceptions about how the team as a whole is treated. Justice at the individual level has been a successful model from which to build the concept of justice in teams. Accordingly, there is a parallelism between the individual and team levels in the investigation of justice, where scholars’ concerns and responses have been very similar, despite studying different levels of construct. However, the specific particularities of teams are increasingly considered in research. There are three concepts (faultlines, subgrouping, and intergroup justice) that contribute to knowledge by focusing on particularities of teams that are not present at the individual level. The shift toward team-based structures provides an opportunity to observe the existence of dividing lines that may split a team into subgroups (faultlines) and the difficulty, in many cases, of conceiving of the team members as part of a single group. This perspective about teams also stimulates the study of the subgroup as a source of justice and the focus on intergroup justice within the team. In sum, the organizational context facilitates shared experiences and perceptions of justice beyond individual differences but also can result in potential conflicts and discrepancies among subgroups within the team in their interpretation of fairness.

Predicting individual differences in L2 speakers’ gestures

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaya Nagpal ◽  
Elena Nicoladis ◽  
Paula Marentette
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
L1 And L2

While it is well known that there is a lot of variability in L2, researchers rarely measure the variability in L1 to predict the variability in L2. In this study we tested two explanations of the rate of gestures used in telling a story in L2: (1) a story-telling style underlying both L1 and L2 and (2) proficiency/fluency in L2. Hindi—English bilingual adults performed a story-telling task in their two languages. There was some support for the second predictor: the participants used more gestures in L2 than L1, consistent with gesturing to aid in accessing language. However, the results were strongly supportive of a story-telling style underlying both languages: the individual differences in gesture rate (along with the story length and the vocabulary variability) were highly correlated across languages but not correlated with L2 proficiency/fluency. These results illustrate the importance of studying L1 variability as an important predictor of L2 gesture use.

Abstract MP68: Populations with Multiple Adverse Behavioral Factors

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Eckstein ◽  
Laura Houghtaling ◽  
Mariah Quick
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alaskan Native ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual

Traditionally, population behavioral characteristics are reported at the individual level. However, just like diseases, the combination of multiple adverse risk factors, even though they are often highly correlated, presents a different challenge and impact on community health than examining these same behaviors in isolation. We analyzed 5 risk factors in the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey; smoking (currently a smoker), inactivity (no physical activity outside of work), excessive alcohol consumption (for women, 4 or more drinks in one sitting or an average of greater than one drink per day; for men, 5 or more drinks in one sitting or an average of greater than two drinks per day), obesity (BMI >=30), and insufficient sleep (< 7 hours per night). These five measures were selected because of their strong association with heart and other disease. We studied the frequency of multiple factors by state, sex, race, urbanicity, educational attainment and income. The attached map illustrates the variation among states in the prevalence of 3 or more risk factors in the population. In Utah, Colorado, and California, less than 9% of the population has 3 or more; in Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky and Mississippi, 16% or more of the population has 3 or more of these risk factors. Among demographic subpopulations, differences also exist. For non-Hispanic Asian population 4.5% (CI:3.5%-5.4%) have 3 or more risk factors compared to 16% or more exhibiting 3 or more risk factors in the non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Native, and non-Hispanic multi-racial populations. The variation among these subpopulations within states was also explored. Understanding the distribution of multiple adverse risk factors within a state’s population can help guide the efforts of public health officials, policy makers, advocacy groups and others to focus on the most affected populations and develop interventions that address multiple related conditions.

scholarly journals Do Financial Professionals Process Information Better as a Group Than Non-Professionals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Orie E. Barron ◽  
Charles R. Enis ◽  
Hong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Forecast Performance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Better Than

In this study, we study information processing by financial professionals benchmarked with non-professionals and how correlation among individual forecasts explains the group level forecast performance. In an experiment in which participants make price forecasts based on common financial information, we find that individual professionals are no better than individual non-professionals in forecasting, but professionals’ mean forecasts are superior. Our analysis suggests that financial professionals’ individual errors are less correlated as they process information from more diverse perspectives. This leads to superior mean forecasts because the uncorrelated individual errors cancel each other out in the aggregate. In contrast, non-professionals are similar in using salient information such as earnings or cash flow. As a result, their individual errors are highly correlated. Instead of cancelling each other out, the individual errors are enlarged in the aggregated mean forecasts. We are the first to show the difference in the comparisons of professionals and non-professionals at the group level versus at the individual level. Our paper contributes to the literature by documenting the evidence of diversity in information processing by financial professionals.

scholarly journals The Situated Assessment Method (SAM^2): Establishing Individual Differences in Habitual Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Dutriaux ◽  
Naomi Clark ◽  
Esther K. Papies ◽  
Christoph Scheepers ◽  
Lawrence Barsalou
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Composite Measure ◽  
Situated Action ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Habitual Behavior ◽  
The Individual

From the perspectives of grounded, situated, and embodied cognition, we have developed a new approach for assessing individual differences. Because this approach is grounded in two dimensions of situatedness—situational experience and the Situated Action Cycle—we refer to it as the Situated Assessment Method (SAM2). Rather than abstracting over situations during assessment of a construct (as in traditional assessment instruments), SAM2 assesses a construct in situations where it occurs, simultaneously measuring factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence it. To demonstrate this framework, we developed the SAM2 Habitual Behavior Instrument (SAM2 HBI). Across three studies with a total of 442 participants, the SAM2 HBI produced a robust and replicable pattern of results at both the group and individual levels. Three trait-level measures of behavior regularity across 80 behaviors, 40 positive behaviors, and 40 negative behaviors exhibited large reliable individual differences. Several sources of evidence demonstrated the construct validity of these measures. At both the group and individual levels, the SAM2 measure of behavior regularity was associated with factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence habitual behavior in the literature (consistency, automaticity, immediate reward, long-term reward). Regressions explained approximately 65% of the variance at the group level and a median of approximately 75% at the individual level. The SAM2 measure of behavior regularity also exhibited well-established interactions with personality measures for self-control and neuroticism. Cognitive-affective processes from the Situated Action Cycle explained nearly all the variance in these interactions. Finally, a composite measure of habitualness established habitual behaviors at both the group and individual levels. Additionally, a composite measure of reward was strongly related to the composite measure of habitualness, increasing with self-control and decreasing with neuroticism.

scholarly journals Are Households Saving Enough for a Secure Retirement?

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
LaVaughn Henry
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Saving Rate ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Personal Saving ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Individual

The recent rise in the personal saving rate has been interpreted as a sign that consumers are paying down their debt and repairing the damage done to their nest eggs. But a close analysis suggests that many people are falling short of saving what they will need to maintain their standard of living in retirement. A growing body of research in behavioral economics, a branch of economics that studies the choices people make at the individual level, offers explanations for why that is, as well as new approaches to the problem.

Receptiveness to Opposing Views: Conceptualization and Integrative Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 108886832110610
Author(s):  
Julia A. Minson ◽  
Frances S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Intervention Design ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Interpersonal Level

The present article reviews a growing body of research on receptiveness to opposing views—the willingness to access, consider, and evaluate contradictory opinions in a relatively impartial manner. First, we describe the construct of receptiveness and consider how it can be measured and studied at the individual level. Next, we extend our theorizing to the interpersonal level, arguing that receptiveness in the course of any given interaction is mutually constituted by the dispositional tendencies and observable behaviors of the parties involved. We advance the argument that receptiveness should be conceptualized and studied as an interpersonal construct that emerges dynamically over the course of an interaction and is powerfully influenced by counterpart behavior. This interpersonal conceptualization of receptiveness has important implications for intervention design and raises a suite of novel research questions.

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