Cocoa Pod Diseases: Causal Agents and Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Evans ◽  
C. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Crop Losses ◽  
Strong Incentive ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Good Management ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
And Control

Crop losses due to disease are hard to quantify but a fair estimate of that caused in cocoa by pod diseases is around £1500 million per annum. There is, therefore, a strong incentive to control such diseases but the circumstances in which much of the crop is grown are such that effective chemical treatments may not be economically viable. For this reason, good management techniques also have an important part to play.

scholarly journals Thermal Management of Electrified Propulsion System for Low-Carbon Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-316
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Huang Kuo ◽  
Xuehui Wang ◽  
Yiyi Chen ◽  
Yangang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Electric Machine ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
And Control

AbstractAn overview of current thermal challenges in transport electrification is introduced in order to underpin the research developments and trends of recent thermal management techniques. Currently, explorations of intelligent thermal management and control strategies prevail among car manufacturers in the context of climate change and global warming impacts. Therefore, major cutting-edge systematic approaches in electrified powertrain are summarized in the first place. In particular, the important role of heating, ventilation and air-condition system (HVAC) is emphasised. The trends in developing efficient HVAC system for future electrified powertrain are analysed. Then electric machine efficiency is under spotlight which could be improved by introducing new thermal management techniques and strengthening the efforts of driveline integrations. The demanded integration efforts are expected to provide better value per volume, or more power output/torque per unit with smaller form factor. Driven by demands, major thermal issues of high-power density machines are raised including the comprehensive understanding of thermal path, and multiphysics challenges are addressed whilst embedding power electronic semiconductors, non-isotropic electromagnetic materials and thermal insulation materials. Last but not least, the present review has listed several typical cooling techniques such as liquid cooling jacket, impingement/spray cooling and immersion cooling that could be applied to facilitate the development of integrated electric machine, and a mechanic-electric-thermal holistic approach is suggested at early design phase. Conclusively, a brief summary of the emerging new cooling techniques is presented and the keys to a successful integration are concluded.

scholarly journals Influence of Harvest Date on Bull’s Eye Rot of ‘Cripps Pink’ Apple and Control Chemical Strategies

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 2287-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cameldi ◽  
Fiorella Neri ◽  
Daria Ventrucci ◽  
Gianni Ceredi ◽  
Enrico Muzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Ethylene Inhibitor ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Control Chemical ◽  
Bull's Eye ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chemical Strategies

The influence of four different harvest times on the bull’s eye rot of ‘Cripps Pink’ apple caused by Neofabraea spp. was investigated in two orchards harvested at four different times. In addition, a control strategy based on chemical treatments performed in preharvest or postharvest was evaluated. Regression analysis between harvest time and disease incidence revealed high r2 values (>0.75). All preharvest fungicide treatments significantly (P < 0.0085) reduced the bull’s eye rot incidence; however, thiophanate-methyl (achieving >87% control) was more effective than a mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid (<80.7%) or fludioxonil (<57.6%), in all trials. Compared with nontreated control fruit, a postharvest treatment with the ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) halved the incidence of infection in three of four experiments. However, a combination of two preharvest treatments with a mixture of pyraclostrobin plus boscalid and one postharvest 1-MPC treatment suppressed bull’s eye rot to a significantly (P < 0.00001) greater degree (achieving >87.5% control) than the single treatments with pyraclostrobin and boscalid (<65%) and 1-MCP (<80%) tested alone.

scholarly journals The impact of management practices to prevent and control mycotoxins in the European food supply chain: MyToolBox project results

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
M. Focker ◽  
H.J. van der Fels-Klerx ◽  
N. Magan ◽  
S.G. Edwards ◽  
M. Grahovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The presence of mycotoxins in cereals has led to large economic losses in Europe. In the course of the European project MyToolBox, prevention and control measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination in cereals were developed. This study aimed to estimate the impact of these prevention and control measures on both the reduction in crop losses and the increased volume of crops suitable for food and/or feed. It focused on the following measures: the use of fungicides during wheat cultivation, the use of resistant maize cultivars and/or biocontrol during maize cultivation, the use of real time sensors in storage silos, the use of innovative milling strategies during the pasta making process, and the employment of degrading enzymes during the process of bioethanol and Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) production. The impact assessment was based on the annual volume of cereals produced, the annual levels of mycotoxin contamination, and experimental data on the prevention and control measures collected in the course of the MyToolBox project. Results are expressed in terms of reduced volumes of cereals lost, or as additional volumes of cereals available for food meeting the current European legal limits. Results showed that a reduction in crop losses as well as an increase in the volume of crops suitable as food and/or feed is feasible with each proposed prevention or control measure along the supply chain. The impact was the largest in areas and in years with the highest mycotoxin contamination levels but would have less impact in years with low mycotoxin levels. In further research, the impact assessment may be validated using future data from more years and European sites. Decision makers in the food and feed supply chain can use this impact assessment to decide on the relevant prevention and control strategies to apply.

Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-186
Author(s):  
Luciano Pinotti ◽  
◽  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Nicoletta Rovere ◽  
Francesca Fumagalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Feed Samples

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Gag Reflex: No More A Gag To A Dentist The Behavioral Techniques, Pharmacological Techniques, Acupressure and Acupuncture in Controlling the Gag Reflex - A Review

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Shriprasad ◽  
HS Shilpashree
Keyword(s):  
Patient Care ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dental Patients ◽  
Behavioral Techniques ◽  
Gag Reflex ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
And Control

Gagging in dental patients can be disruptive to dental treatment and may be a barrier to a patient care, preventing the provision of treatment and the wearing of prostheses. Many management techniques have been described to control the gagging. This article reviews the literature on various management strategies described to prevent and control the gagging. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9816 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 12-17

scholarly journals Clostridium perfringens in ingredients of poultry feed and control of contamination by chemical treatments

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Casagrande ◽  
M.V. Cardozo ◽  
M.C. Beraldo-Massoli ◽  
L. Boarini ◽  
F.A. Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals PROJECT MANAGEMENT VALUES DRIVEN IN PHARMA INDUSTRY

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Swagat Tripathy ◽  
Bishnu B. Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Time To Market ◽  
Generic Company ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
And Control ◽  
Quality Assurance And Control

In the pharmaceutical industry, project management is key to addressing the unique regulatory, compliance and quality related needs of the industry. As the process of drug development and the critical issue of time to market can capitalize on project management techniques to effectively apply scheduling, risk management, and comprehensive quality assurance and control to the process of bringing a drug to market in a cost-effective but safe way. “JUST DO IT” is the approach that XYZ Generic Company was using before this project arrives. Disclaimer statement: The writing and views expressed are those of purely of author’s personal view and is not related to the organization, where authors are working.

scholarly journals Molecular Tracking and Remote Sensing to Evaluate New Chemical Treatments Against the Maize Late Wilt Disease Causal Agent, Magnaporthiopsis maydis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofir Degani ◽  
Shlomit Dor ◽  
Assaf Chen ◽  
Valerie Orlov-Levin ◽  
Avital Stolov-Yosef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Fungicide Mixtures ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Pathogen Dna ◽  
Molecular Tracking ◽  
And Control

Late wilt is a destructive disease of corn: outbreaks occur at the advanced growth stage and lead to severe dehydration of susceptible hybrids. The disease’s causal agent is the fungus Magnaporthiopsis maydis, whose spread relies on infested soils, seeds, and several alternative hosts. The current study aimed at advancing our understanding of the nature of this plant disease and revealing new ways to monitor and control it. Two field experiments were conducted in a heavily infested area in northern Israel seeded with highly sensitive corn hybrid. The first experiment aimed at inspecting the Azoxystrobin (AS) fungicide applied by spraying during and after the land tillage. Unexpectedly, the disease symptoms in this field were minor and yields were high. Nevertheless, up to 100% presence of the pathogen within the plant’s tissues was measured using the quantitative real-time PCR method. The highest AS concentration tested was the most effective treatment, and resulted in a 6% increase in cob yield and a 4% increase in A-class yield. In the second experiment conducted in the following summer of the same year in a nearby field, the disease outbreak was dramatically higher, with about 350 times higher levels of the pathogen DNA in the untreated plots’ plants. In this field, fungicide mixtures were applied using a dripline assigned for two coupling rows. The most successful treatment was AS and the Difenoconazole mixture, in which the number of infected plants decreased by 79%, and a 116% increase in crop yield was observed, along with a 41% increase in crop quality. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatments on the plants’ health using a remote, thermal infra-red sensitive camera supported the results and proved to be an essential research tool.

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