Manipulation of Rumen Function by the Inoculation of Novel Microorganisms

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Dalrymple ◽  
Chris S. McSweeney
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Domestic Ruminant ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Protein Supply

The use of inoculants to improve the performance of animals is practised widely in many intensive animal production industries, but this practice is less widespread in the extensive grazing systems. Here we describe the background and some recent developments in the area of utilizing ruminal micro-organisms for the modification and improvement of productivity in ruminants. The inoculants, designed for establishment in the new domestic ruminant host, have specific, superior or modified activities, but currently have a restricted geographical or species distribution. Current work has focused on three novel or augmented activities, namely: reducing the toxicity of particular plant poisons, increasing the utilization of plant fibre and the modification of protein supply. The most successful projects so far have tackled the detoxification of the plant poisons, mimosine and fluoroacetate, but projects aimed at increasing the utilization of plant fibre are now well advanced. Molecular techniques have significantly assisted in the identification, differentiation and tracking of organisms and are essential for the construction of modified organisms.

scholarly journals Rationale for Early Detection of EWSR1 Translocation-Associated Sarcoma Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Felix I. L. Clanchy
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Societal Burden ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Mesenchymal Tumours

Sarcomas are mesenchymal tumours that often arise and develop as a result of chromosomal translocations, and for several forms of sarcoma the EWSR1 gene is a frequent translocation partner. Sarcomas are a rare form of malignancy, which arguably have a proportionally greater societal burden that their prevalence would suggest, as they are more common in young people, with survivors prone to lifelong disability. For most forms of sarcoma, histological diagnosis is confirmed by molecular techniques such as FISH or RT-PCR. Surveillance after surgical excision, or ablation by radiation or chemotherapy, has remained relatively unchanged for decades, but recent developments in molecular biology have accelerated the progress towards routine analysis of liquid biopsies of peripheral blood. The potential to detect evidence of residual disease or metastasis in the blood has been demonstrated by several groups but remains unrealized as a routine diagnostic for relapse during remission, for disease monitoring during treatment, and for the detection of occult, residual disease at the end of therapy. An update is provided on research relevant to the improvement of the early detection of relapse in sarcomas with EWSR1-associated translocations, in the contexts of biology, diagnosis, and liquid biopsy.

Implications of Spatio-Temporal Variation in Forage Production and Utilization for Animal Productivity in Extensive Grazing Systems.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Roshier ◽  
HI Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Forage Availability ◽  
Typical Experiment ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plant Animal Interactions

In this paper we examine patterns of utilisation at the level of individual plants and forage availability at the paddock scale on five commercial sheep grazing properties that all experienced drought during the course of the study. Specifically, patterns of forage availability and pasture utilisation in large paddocks are examined against the assumptions of established models of animal productivity and grazing management practice. Forage resources in the rangelands can have dynamics independent of stock density and are not distributed evenly in time or space. Therefore, the extrapolation of known plant-animal interactions across scales is questionable and it is yet to be demonstrated how measures of animal productivity on small trial paddocks relate to production outcomes in large paddocks. A model is proposed for understanding animal production outcomes that incorporates variation in both pasture biomass and stock density. The scales, both spatial and temporal, at which pastoralists and scientists integrate ecological and animal productivity information usually differ. The understanding that each holds of the processes that limit animal productivity and the relationships between different elements of the production system is a product of the perspective from which they view the system. It is concluded that the difference between the 'scale of exploitation' and the scale at which heterogeneity is sufficient for survival of livestock is probably crucial to determining animal production outcomes in grazing systems subject to a high degree of temporal variation in forage availability. In these systems it seems reasonable to suggest that grazing experiments that vary the 'spatial scale of exploitation' while maintaining stock density constant may give as many insights into the limitations on animal productivity as the more typical experiment that only varies stock density. Key words: grazing models, animal productivity, heterogeneity, scale, utilisation, forage availability, stocking rates.

scholarly journals Mixed grazing systems of goats with cattle in tropical conditions: an alternative to improving animal production in the pastureq

animal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. d’Alexis ◽  
F. Periacarpin ◽  
F. Jackson ◽  
M. Boval
Keyword(s):  
Animal Production ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Grazing Systems

Integration of in vitro parameters by mechanistic modelling to predict recycling of microbial nitrogen in the rumen

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 158-160
Author(s):  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Substrate Conversion ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Protein Supply

In protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the microbial protein supply is calculated from the amounts of rumen degradable organic matter and nitrogen (N) using empirical equations. A variable part of the rumen synthesized microbial protein does not reach the duodenum but is recycled within the rumen (review Firkins, 1996). Since energy is required for its re-synthesis and degraded microbial protein is subject to deamination, the efficiency of substrate conversion into microbial protein in the rumen is affected by microbial recycling. Rumen protozoa have a major impact upon this recycling through engulfment of micro-organisms and autolysis. In vitro, bacterial protein breakdown is proportionately reduced by some 0·9 upon removal of protozoa (Wallace and McPherson, 1987). Defaunation of the rumen increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vivo significantly (review Jouany et al., 1988).

Polyphasic study of wine Lactobacillus strains: taxonomic implications

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Rodas ◽  
S. Ferrer ◽  
I. Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Reference Species ◽  
Lactobacillus Pentosus ◽  
Sugar Fermentation ◽  
Random Amplification ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Micro Organisms

One hundred and seventy-eight lactobacilli isolated from wine were characterized by a polyphasic approach. Strains were phenotypically identified at genus and species level by classical tests including the analysis of cell morphology, homo/heterofermentative character, sugar fermentation patterns, growth at different temperatures and the optical nature of the isomer of lactic acid produced from glucose. Molecular techniques such as random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (16S-ARDRA), PFGE-RFLP and ribotyping were used to characterize strains, and their potential for identification and/or typing was evaluated. The information obtained with these techniques was processed with the BioNumerics software in order to analyse relationships existing between isolated strains and various reference species of the genus. Then, taxonomic dendrograms were obtained, and this information allowed the proposal of molecular procedures suitable for the identification and typing of these wine micro-organisms. The techniques useful for both identification and typing were RAPD and ribotyping, while 16S-ARDRA was only useful for identification and PFGE-RFLP only for typing purposes. The wine strains were identified as Lactobacillus brevis (19 strains), Lactobacillus collinoides (2 strains), Lactobacillus hilgardii (71 strains), Lactobacillus paracasei (13 strains), Lactobacillus pentosus (2 strains), Lactobacillus plantarum (34 strains) and Lactobacillus mali (10 strains).

scholarly journals Molecular techniques applied to investigations of abundance of the ammonia oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing archaea microorganisms in the environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Amjed Ginawi ◽  
Yan Yunjun
Keyword(s):  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea ◽  
16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Dna Antibodies ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Chemolithoautotrophic Bacteria

<p>This review shows regards of the recently experienced concerning the environments of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) microorganisms, and denitrifying microbes. The advancements of molecular biology techniques have encouraged staggeringly to the fast recent developments in the sector. Various methods for implementing so are discussed. The function of AOB, AOA, and denitrifying microorganism composition was investigated through a high throughput of the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing protocol. There is potential to observe the specific species appearance of these microorganisms in each environment and get to the evaluated relative abundance of several kinds. There is information indicated which the structure of denitrifying and nitrifying group was monitored field to significant fluctuations and the complexes, together in space and in time. More effort is required to enhance and isolate those microorganisms that common of the progressions and to function them through the compound of molecular techniques, biochemical and physiological. However, the investigation with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), antibodies, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was preferred mainly to report the composition of chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, surveys of their characteristics in environmental that needed quantification at the transcriptional level is presently not available.</p>

scholarly journals COMMENTS ON THE GRAZING MANAGEMENT SESSION

1984 ◽  
pp. 207-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Critical Levels ◽  
Research Environment ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Better Than

This collection of papers does four significant things: 1. It concentrates on hill country. 2. Precisely defines the research environment in pasture levels and animal production terms. One can clearly see the consequences in animal production at different times of the year when pre-grazing and residual herbage levels are defined and varied and to see the effects of different grazing systems at these pasture levels. Much better than high vs low stocking rates. 3. Attempts to set pature targets as well as animal production targets. 4. Defines critical pasture DM levels both below which pasture production is reduced, and above which control is lost. The proximity to these critical levels will, for a farmer, more precisely define the grazing management system he should adopt and the levels of animal production he should be able to achieve

Boom Clay Borehole Water, Home of a Diverse Bacterial Community

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katinka Wouters ◽  
Hugo Moors ◽  
Natalie Leys
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Boom Clay ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geochemical Properties ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Microbiological Properties

For over two decades, Boom Clay has been studied in the framework of geological disposal of nuclear waste thereby mainly addressing its geochemical properties. Today, also the microbiological properties and the possibility of microbes interacting with radionuclides or repository components including the waste form, in a host formation like Boom Clay are considered [2,3]. In the past, a reference composition for synthetic Boom Clay pore water (BCPW) was derived, based on interstitial water sampled from different layers within the Boom clay [1]. Similarly, the primary aim of this microbiological study was to determine the core BCPW bacterial community and identify representative water samples for future microbial directed lab experiments. In this respect, BCPW was sampled from different Boom Clay layers using the Morpheus piezometer (Fig. 1) and subsequently analysed by microscopy and molecular techniques, in search for overall shared and abundant micro-organisms.

Molecular diagnosis of fungal disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lewis White ◽  
Rosemary A. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Fungal Disease ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Disease Manifestation ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Molecular techniques to aid in the diagnosis of fungal disease have been in use for over two decades. However, for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to gain widespread acceptance outside of specialist centres, methodology must be standardized and in line with general microbiological molecular diagnostics assays, yet for infections other than fungal disease. Apart from Aspergillus PCR, standardized methodology is lacking. It is also essential to identify the optimal role for an assay. Whether this is to confirm a specific disease in symptomatic patients or to exclude disease and prevent the unnecessary use of antifungals will, in part, be determined by prevalence, but will also, along with the disease manifestation, dictate specimen choice and subsequent methodological procedure. This chapter will focus on disease processes determining optimal sample types, before concentrating on the clinical validation of molecular tests for the diagnosis of the main causes of invasive fungal disease, concluding with recent developments. The clinical utility of molecular approaches and potential future benefits that can address emerging issues, such as azole resistance, will also be discussed.

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