Protecting others, compassion, and sacrifice: The toll of disaster policing on law enforcement officers in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2110447
Author(s):  
Liz Davenport Pollock ◽  
Daniel Augusto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Family Role ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

This study used a qualitative grounded theory approach to explore disaster experiences of law enforcement officers (LEO)s ( n = 56), in two high disaster areas of the United States. Respondents indicated that disasters cause increased stress on LEOs from fatigue, extended shifts, changing duties, increased workload, work–family role conflict, and new operational expectations and challenges within the agency during disasters. Family safety was also identified as a critical stressor and pre-occupation for LEOs during disaster policing, as well as an enhanced reliance on critical thinking as an adaptive response to untrained for challenges that are unique to disasters.

scholarly journals Firearm Prevalence and Homicides of Law Enforcement Officers in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 2042-2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Swedler ◽  
Molly M. Simmons ◽  
Francesca Dominici ◽  
David Hemenway
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States

Stop-and-Frisk Policing

Criminology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Stop And Frisk ◽  
Reasonable Suspicion

Stop and frisk is a proactive policing strategy that is widely used by police departments across the globe. In the United States, the origins of stop and frisk are rooted in the English practice of allowing night watchmen to stop and question individuals who were deemed suspicious. This ability to stop and question suspicious individuals serves two primary purposes. First, it gives law enforcement officers the ability to identify individuals who are looking to engage in criminal activity, stop those individuals, and prevent them from committing a criminal offense. Second, it may have a deterrent effect if potential offenders refrain from criminal offending because they do not want to risk being stopped. By the early 20th century, the implementation of stop and frisk in the United States varied by state. The Uniform Arrest Act, proposed in 1942, sought to standardize the practice. While several states adopted the Uniform Crime Act, which stipulated the circumstances under which a stop and frisk could occur, most states failed to do so. The practice of stop and frisk also faced constitutional challenges, with plaintiffs alleging violations of the Fourth Amendment’s prohibitions against unreasonable searches and seizures. In 1968, the US Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of stop and frisk. When law enforcement officers can establish reasonable suspicion, they can stop and question an individual. If there is reasonable suspicion to believe that a stopped individual possesses a weapon or poses a threat, law enforcement officers can also conduct a frisk. Stop and frisk has faced significant criticism and has been the subject of several class-action lawsuits, particularly in New York City. First, there is significant concern that nonwhite pedestrians are more likely than white pedestrians to be stopped, frisked, and subjected to the use of force. Next, stop and frisk may reduce perceptions of legitimacy and trust in law enforcement. The practice may also have adverse health consequences for those who are subjected to it or are in fear of being subjected to it. Finally, it is unclear whether stop and frisk prevents crime. It is also important to note that stop and frisk faces these same criticisms in other nations. The literature cited in this article summarizes key pieces on stop and frisk.

scholarly journals Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 822-850
Author(s):  
W. S. Parkin ◽  
C. E. Mills ◽  
J. Gruenewald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Government Ideology ◽  
External Threat

Цель: to analyze the far-right extremism’s anti- government ideology as an external threat to law enforcement officers. Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, using the general and specific research methods based on it. Results: The relationship between far-right extremism and law enforcement in the United States has a long and complicated history. In 2020, this relationship was on display as both far-right extremists and law enforcement agencies were brought into the national spotlight for their roles in multiple unprecedented events. This research discusses how far-right extremism’s anti- government ideology represents an external threat to law enforcement officers. This threat is discussed through the presentation of 30-years of data on law enforcement officers killed in the line-of-duty by far-right extremists from the Extremist Crime Database. In addition, the research also examines law enforcement’s implicit and explicit support for far-right extremism, which creates an internal threat against the legitimacy of the profession. Finally, policy initiatives that come from, and build upon, prior research are discussed to reduce these threats.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the work substantiates that far-right extremists threaten the safety of law enforcement officers in the United States. Antigovernment extremists, who do not believe that they are subject to the laws of the jurisdiction where they live, pose the risk of escalating to violent acts when encountering law enforcement when they engage in both ideologically motivated and routine criminal activity. In addition, law enforcement agencies who hire far-right extremists face the very real prospect of becoming illegitimate in the eyes of the communities to whom they are sworn to serve and protect. Decades of criminological research has shown that lack of trust in law enforcement makes the job of policing a community more difficult and more dangerous. Although multiple paths forward were outlined that build on prior research and empirical knowledge, only decisive action by law enforcement and policymakers will result in outcomes that reduce the risk of external violent victimization to police and protect law enforcement agencies from being delegitimized by the presence of far-right extremists within their ranks.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the prevention, suppression and investigation of extremist crimes.The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: [email protected] original publication: Parkin, W. S., Mills, C. E., Gruenewald, J. (2021). Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 2021, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 1–24. Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26321-far-right-extremism-s-threat-to-police-safety-and-the-organizational-legitimacy-of-law-enforcement-in-the-united-states

Current Issues in Psychological Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations of Law Enforcement Officers

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-117
Author(s):  
Martin J. Mayer ◽  
David M. Corey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Law ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
Police Psychology ◽  
Fitness For Duty ◽  
Standards Of Practice ◽  
Key Topics

Courts throughout the United States have ruled that that the “awesome powers” entrusted to law enforcement officers, and the safety-sensitive nature of their positions, impose on their public employers a responsibility to ensure that they are fit to perform their duties. But, as with an officer's powers, the authority of a police employer to mandate a psychological fitness-for-duty evaluation (FFDE) is not without boundaries. This chapter addresses the legal authority of a police employer to require an FFDE, the limits to that authority, and the implications of these constraints both for police employers and the psychologists who conduct these evaluations on their behalf. Written by two prominent experts in police employment law and police psychology, this chapter concerns itself with both the law and professional standards of practice. Key topics include the legal threshold for requiring an FFDE, limitations to the content of an FFDE report, and evaluator qualifications.

African American Mothers with Deaf Children: A Womanist Conceptual Framework

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Borum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
African American Female ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
African American Mothers ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach ◽  
Data Analysis Plan

Although the incidence of disability is more prevalent among African Americans than any other ethnic group in the United States, empirically based guidelines grounded in the unique history and experiences of African American caretakers of children with disabilities are limited. A qualitative, exploratory design consisting of in-depth thematic interviews with 12 nondeaf African American female caretakers of deaf children was used to identify unique responses and approaches incorporated in raising deaf children of African descent. The data analysis plan entailed a modified grounded theory approach. Womanism was used inductively and deductively in organizing emerging themes as an explanatory model.

The Environment of Death and its Influence on Police Officers in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Sugimoto ◽  
Kevin Ann Oltjenbruns
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Traumatic Grief ◽  
American Law ◽  
Grief Reactions

Exposure to the threat of death or to death events is acknowledged to be a factor in the manifestation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Police officers in the United States are immersed in a professional and cultural environment replete with death. Given for consideration is the notion that inescapable, death-related stressors of wide variety and intensity, some of which are constructs of the police profession, contribute to the manifestation and maintenance of PTSD as well as traumatic grief reactions in American law enforcement officers. Personnel who continue police work while symptomatic may incur risks of reduced self-control, escalated use of force, and other inappropriate behavior due to irritability or outbursts of anger associated with PTSD. Because of the primacy of the element of death, those who are involved in the field of thanatology may hold the key to discovering and effecting palliative measures on behalf of this population.

Law Enforcement Challenges to Gathering Intelligence in the Street

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-40
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Budd ◽  
Michael W. Littrell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Constitution ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Legal Compliance ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Search Warrant

Intelligence gathering by law enforcement officers has been used in the conviction of criminals for many years in the United States. Law enforcement officers must ensure that the information gathered and seized does not violate the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution. However, officers, even though acting in the spirit of the law, may not be in legal compliance. This chapter identifies and discusses the requirements of a search warrant, the legally accepted exceptions to the search warrant requirements in the United States, and reviews several historical and modern United States Supreme Court cases on the gathering of intelligence by officers.

scholarly journals Couples talk about breastfeeding: Interviews with parents about decision-making, challenges, and the role of fathers and professional support

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205510292110291
Author(s):  
Erin J Henshaw ◽  
Maria Mayer ◽  
Sarina Balraj ◽  
Elsie Parmar ◽  
Kristine Durkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Support ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
First Child ◽  
Breastfeeding Rates ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

Despite health benefits, sustained breastfeeding rates remain low in the United States, and the role of partners in breastfeeding is not well understood. Using a grounded theory approach, the current qualitative study explored how couples communicate regarding breastfeeding decisions and challenges. Mother-father dyads ( n = 16) completed individual semi-structured interviews 1 year after the birth of their first child. Following iterative qualitative analysis, three phases of breastfeeding communication emerged: Should we try this? ( Mother’s opinion counts) How do we make this work? (adjusting and problem-solving) and How do we settle into a routine? (gaining confidence, resolving issues) Findings underscore the complexity of defining the partner role in breastfeeding.

U.S. Law Enforcement Abroad: The Constitution and International Law, Continued

1990 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas F. Lowenfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The U.S ◽  
High Seas

In the October 1989 issue of this Journal, I wrote a brief essay concerning the U.S. Constitution and law enforcement abroad. I called attention to the case of Fawaz Yunis, a Lebanese national who was arrested on the high seas by U.S. officers and brought to the United States for trial on charges of aircraft hijacking and hostage taking. Within the space constraints of the Journal’s issue commemorating two centuries of the Constitution, I was able to discuss only one of the questions illustrated by the Yunis case—the question of jurisdiction over crimes committed by aliens abroad. My conclusion, in brief, was that a general reliance on passive personality as the basis for jurisdiction—i.e., the U.S. nationality of victims of the offense—was of doubtful validity under the Constitution, but that jurisdiction based on legislation enacted in implementation of international conventions widely adhered to probably was constitutional. The Yunis case raises two other issues that I believe are of continuing interest: (1) to what extent do the constitutional and statutory restraints on U.S. law enforcement officers apply abroad? and (2) does the so-called Ker-Frisbie rule, according to which a court in the United States may try a person brought before it for a crime over which it has jurisdiction—regardless of how the accused came to be before the court—remain valid and persuasive in the last decade of the 20th century? I want to explore these questions here, bearing in mind that the two questions are related to each other, as well as to the question of jurisdiction to prescribe discussed in the earlier article. Before embarking on the analysis, I want to set forth again in somewhat greater length the saga of Fawaz Yunis, as well as that of two other persons recently seized abroad by authority of the United States for trial in the United States.

Burnout in Blue: An Analysis of the Extent and Primary Predictors of Burnout Among Law Enforcement Officers in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. McCarty ◽  
Hani Aldirawi ◽  
Stacy Dewald ◽  
Mariana Palacios
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States
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