Evaluation of calcium oxalate deposition on different fabrics under different sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 2613-2621
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Lijie Wang ◽  
Hong Xu ◽  
Jinxiang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Anionic Surfactant ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Important Ingredient ◽  
Detergent Builder ◽  
Ether Sulfate ◽  
Alcohol Ether Sulfate ◽  
Soil Redeposition

The builder is an important ingredient in detergents. Sodium oxalate is a good non-phosphate detergent builder, which has good calcium-removing properties and good wash performance in detergents. However, sodium oxalate-based detergent formulations face a tricky problem of “incrustation” on fabrics due to calcium oxalate deposition. If sodium oxalate is used in commercial detergents, then “incrustation” must be solved. In this study, we examined the effect of fabric type, anionic surfactant, polymer, and temperature on incrustation and soil redeposition (“secondary” washing effect) of a sodium oxalate-based detergent. The results showed that both the anionic surfactant and polymer influenced the deposition of calcium oxalate on fabrics. Overall, the amount of calcium oxalate deposition followed the order polyamide < polyester < cotton with the same formulation. Finally, good secondary washing effects (low ash deposition and high whiteness retention) formulations were selected by cumulative washing. The formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES)-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), MES-polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and alcohol ether sulfate (AES)-CMC had better secondary effects, and the optimal combination of the 12 formulations was AES-CMC.

The Effect of Ethane-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonate (EHDP) on Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Robertson ◽  
M. Peacock ◽  
R. W. Marshall ◽  
F. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Stone Formers

1. The volume, size and type of calcium oxalate crystals excreted in the urine of a group of patients with recurrent ‘idiopathic’ stones were studied on a controlled basal diet, after an oral supplement of sodium oxalate and after oral administration of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) for 4 weeks. 2. Before administration of EHDP the stone-formers passed the large crystals and aggregates of calcium oxalate dihydrate characteristic of recurrent calcium oxalate stone-formers. For the same level of urine saturation and crystalluria EHDP caused a significant reduction in the proportion of large crystals and aggregates excreted. Studies by light-microscopy confirmed that EHDP caused a striking change in the size and habit of calcium oxalate crystals in some but not all of the urine samples examined. 3. The decrease in average crystal size during the administration of EHDP was attributed to the observed increase in the ability of urine to inhibit the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals as measured by a growth system in vitro. 4. The possible use of EHDP as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of calcium oxalate stone-formation is discussed.

High-Throughput in vitro Gel-Based Plate Assay to Screen for Calcium Oxalate Stone Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
John A. Chmiel ◽  
Gerrit A. Stuivenberg ◽  
Abdulaziz Alathel ◽  
Jaswanth Gorla ◽  
Bernd Grohe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Caox Crystal

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Kidney stones are a common medical condition that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Approximately, ∼80% of urinary calculi are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx). There is a growing interest toward identifying therapeutic compounds that can inhibit the formation of CaOx crystals. However, some chemicals (e.g., antibiotics and bacterial metabolites) may directly promote crystallization. Current knowledge is limited regarding crystal promoters and inhibitors. Thus, we have developed an in vitro gel-based diffusion model to screen for substances that directly influence CaOx crystal formation. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> We used double diffusion of sodium oxalate and calcium chloride-loaded paper disks along an agar medium to facilitate the controlled formation of monohydrate and dihydrate CaOx crystals. A third disk was used for the perpendicular diffusion of a test substance to assess its influence on CaOx crystal formation. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We confirmed that citrates and magnesium are effective inhibitors of CaOx crystals. We also demonstrated that 2 strains of uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> are able to promote crystal formation. While the other tested uropathogens and most antibiotics did not change crystal formation, ampicillin was able to reduce crystallization. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We have developed an inexpensive and high-throughput model to evaluate substances that influence CaOx crystallization.

The structure and properties of wool treated with a reversed-phase microemulsion containing aqueous alkali

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cailing Ding ◽  
Jianyong Yu ◽  
Weiguo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Ether Sulfate ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
External Phase ◽  
Alcohol Ether Sulfate ◽  
Oil Type ◽  
Scanning Electron

In order to limit modification to the surface of wool fibers and decrease pollution caused by conventional chemical treatments using chlorine, a water-in-oil-type reversed-phase microemulsion with decamethylcyclopentasiloxane as the external phase was prepared containing very small amounts of an aqueous solution of alkali. The edges of the wool cuticle scales were modified by the alkali in aqueous solution contained in the reversed-phase microemulsion. The external phase decamethylcyclopentasiloxane can be recycled after application. In this paper, the solubility of water in the reversed-phase microemulsion and its stability were first studied and then it was applied in the treatment of wool. The results showed that surfactant sodium alcohol ether sulfate/NaOH aqueous solution was quite stable. Felting shrinkage of treated wool was reduced and the initial dyeing speed was higher than that for untreated wool. The corroded scales of treated wool were observed by scanning electron microscopy and the bromine Allwörden reaction with bromine water was reduced or eliminated after treatment. This adsorbable organohalogen-free modification should be useful in improving the manufacturing properties of wool, such as hydrophilicity, and as a pretreatment for wool printing.

Synergistic Effects Between Sulfo-betain Zwitterionic Surfactant and Alcohol Ether Sulfate

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 430-433
Author(s):  
Zhang Zhang ◽  
Zhu Ri-Li ◽  
Dong Bin ◽  
Zhang Zhen-Xian
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Zwitterionic Surfactant ◽  
Ether Sulfate ◽  
Alcohol Ether Sulfate

Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria and Inhibitors of Crystallization in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Robertson ◽  
M. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Stone Formers ◽  
Large Particles ◽  
Recurrent Stone ◽  
Recurrent Stone Formers

1. The particle size distributions of calcium oxalate crystals were measured at 37°C in fresh urine from recurrent, idiopathic stone-formers and their controls under the same conditions of dietary and fluid intake. The crystals excreted by the controls were small and belonged to a unimodal distribution, whereas those excreted by the stone-formers belonged to a distribution which contained a second peak of much larger particles. The proportion of large crystals in the urines of the stone-formers was significantly higher than in the urines of the controls. 2. The difference in the proportion of large particles passed by the two groups was accentuated by adding a small quantity of sodium oxalate to their diets. Whereas the controls continued to excrete only small crystals of calcium oxalate, the stone-formers passed most of their crystals as large particles. 3. Further investigations showed that the urines of the controls contained a potent inhibitor of the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro and that the inhibitor was deficient in the urines of the recurrent stone-formers. 4. It is suggested that the inhibitor in normal urine may allow calcium oxalate to be passed harmlessly in the form of small particles, whereas the lower inhibitory activity in the urines of the recurrent stone-formers is insufficient to prevent the growth of the primary crystals into the large aggregates seen in these urines. By blocking the formation of abnormally large crystals and aggregates the inhibitor may therefore play an important role in preventing crystalluria leading to stone formation.

scholarly journals Nephrolithiasis: Molecular Mechanism of Renal Stone Formation and the Critical Role Played by Modulators

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanu Priya Aggarwal ◽  
Shifa Narula ◽  
Monica Kakkar ◽  
Chanderdeep Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Stone ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽  
High Calcium

Urinary stone disease is an ailment that has afflicted human kind for many centuries. Nephrolithiasis is a significant clinical problem in everyday practice with a subsequent burden for the health system. Nephrolithiasis remains a chronic disease and our fundamental understanding of the pathogenesis of stones as well as their prevention and cure still remains rudimentary. Regardless of the fact that supersaturation of stone-forming salts in urine is essential, abundance of these salts by itself will not always result in stone formation. The pathogenesis of calcium oxalate stone formation is a multistep process and essentially includes nucleation, crystal growth, crystal aggregation, and crystal retention. Various substances in the body have an effect on one or more of the above stone-forming processes, thereby influencing a person’s ability to promote or prevent stone formation. Promoters facilitate the stone formation while inhibitors prevent it. Besides low urine volume and low urine pH, high calcium, sodium, oxalate and urate are also known to promote calcium oxalate stone formation. Many inorganic (citrate, magnesium) and organic substances (nephrocalcin, urinary prothrombin fragment-1, osteopontin) are known to inhibit stone formation. This review presents a comprehensive account of the mechanism of renal stone formation and the role of inhibitors/promoters in calcium oxalate crystallisation.

scholarly journals In-Vitroanti-Urolithiatic Activity of Theriophonum Minutum and Remusatia Vivipara

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3088-3091
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Aggregation Assay ◽  
Standard Drug

Kidney stone is a very common disease worldwide threat. The calcium oxalate is the important compound of calculi formation in the urinary tract. Traditional studies on use of herbal based medicinal plants for treating severe disease is satisfying its bad to advanced world . In this regard, the study was analyzed with an objective to carry out the role of Theriophonum minutum and Remusatia vivipara leaves extract in different solvents to reduce stone formation and to find out the concentration of medicinal plant extract exhibit dissolution rate of kidney stones In dissolution studies, the extract of Remusatia vivipara has greater ability to dissolve artificial calcium stones and kidney stones rather than the standard drug. Calcium oxalate crystal formation was stimulated by the sodium oxalate solutions. The effect of different extract concentration was applied to measure the dissolution rate, turbidity, nucleation aggregation assay . The extract of Theriophonum minutum and Remusatia vivipara reflected the blocking action in both of nucleation and aggregation to better level

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