scholarly journals Understanding the geography of affordable housing provided through land value capture: Evidence from England

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802199889
Author(s):  
Alexander Lord ◽  
Chi-Wan Cheang ◽  
Richard Dunning
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Development Activity ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Dual Approach ◽  
The Right ◽  
Community Infrastructure

Governments the world over routinely undertake Land Value Capture (LVC) to recover some (or all) of the uplift in land values arising from the right to develop in order to fund infrastructure and public goods. Instruments to exact LVC are diverse but are usually implemented independently. However, since 2011 England has been experimenting with a dual approach to LVC, applying both a tariff-style levy to fund local infrastructure (the Community Infrastructure Levy) and negotiated obligations, used primarily to fund affordable housing (Section 106 agreements). In this article we employ a difference-in-differences (DID) method to identify the interaction of these two instruments available to local planning authorities. We explore the question of whether the Community Infrastructure Levy ‘crowds out’ affordable housing secured through Section 106 planning agreements. In so doing we show that the interaction of these two approaches is heterogeneous across local authorities of different types. This raises questions for understanding the economic geography of development activity and the theory and practice of Land Value Capture.

scholarly journals Can land value uplift deliver affordable housing? Experiences from England

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Local Planning ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decision Tools ◽  
The One

Purpose The theoretical case for land value capture is well-known, but the effectiveness of affordable housing delivery as a capture mechanism is not so well-documented. Building on the earlier theoretical and empirical work of Whitehead (1991, 2007) and Crook and Whitehead (2002), the purpose of this paper is to consider the provision of affordable housing from a land value capture viewpoint, focusing on the process by which the amount of affordable housing is determined between landowners/developers on the one hand and local planning authorities on the other. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a mixed-mode approach for the data collection. Two surveys of local planning authorities were undertaken, together with a series of case study interviews. Findings The paper evaluates whether land value capture has been an effective mechanism for delivering affordable housing by focusing on three principal areas: first, the political agenda in relation to land value capture and the supply of affordable housing; second, the nature and motivation of the stakeholders involved in affordable housing decision-making; and third, the use of economic models as decision tools for determining the amount and type of affordable housing are negotiated. Originality/value The research provides some insight into the effectiveness of local authority affordable housing targets as a means of capturing the uplift in land value that results from the grant of planning permission.

scholarly journals Affordable Housing Provision in Informal Settlements through Land Value Capture and Inclusionary Housing

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Nzau ◽  
Claudia Trillo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Inclusionary Housing ◽  
Housing Needs

Public-driven attempts to provide decent housing to slum residents in developing countries have either failed or achieved minimal output when compared to the growing slum population. This has been attributed mainly to shortage of public funds. However, some urban areas in these countries exhibit vibrant real estate markets that may hold the potential to bear the costs of regenerating slums. This paper sheds light on an innovative hypothesis to achieve slum regeneration by harnessing the real estate market. The study seeks to answer the question “How can urban public policy facilitate slum regeneration, increase affordable housing, and enhance social inclusion in cities of developing countries?” The study approaches slum regeneration from an integrated land economics and spatial planning perspective and demonstrates that slum regeneration can successfully be managed by applying land value capture (LVC) and inclusionary housing (IH) instruments. The research methodology adopted is based on a hypothetical master plan and related housing policy and strategy, aimed at addressing housing needs in Kibera, the largest slum in Nairobi, Kenya. This simulated master plan is complemented with economic and residual land value analyses that demonstrate that by availing land to private developers for inclusionary housing development, it is possible to meet slum residents’ housing needs by including at least 27.9% affordable housing in new developments, entirely borne by the private sector. Findings suggest that under a robust public-led governance umbrella, market forces can (1) significantly contribute to fill the financial gap in order to achieve the end of slums by 2050 in coherence with the United Nations Agenda 2030 targets and principles, and (2) increase both affordable and market housing in upgraded neighbourhoods, hence enhancing social inclusion in cities of developing countries.

Defining the ground for land-use-based direct public-value capture in Austria

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (0) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Arthur Schindelegger ◽  
Laura Sidonie Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Key Aspects

The discussion whether and how to capture the increment of land value has been present in academia and politics for decades. Only few countries have established comprehensive systems to calculate land values and introduce a regulatory basis to directly or indirectly capture increments linked to land-use planning decisions for the public good. This article elaborates the potentials of and barriers to implementing a land-use-based direct value-capture mechanism within Austria’s fragmented planning regime. The considerations are built upon an analysis of the existing framework and instruments linked to land value and planning to identify the context of constraints for an additional or replacing instrument. Based on a legal analysis and qualitative expert interviews, key aspects for linking value capture to land-use planning decisions are identified and conclusions drawn based on a recent discussion in Austria.

scholarly journals Harnessing the Real Estate Market for Equitable Affordable Housing Provision through Land Value Capture: Insights from San Francisco City, California

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nzau ◽  
Trillo
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Real Estate Market

Affordable housing remains a serious problem in many countries. Even as the housing affordability crisis deepens, most cities continue to exhibit robust real estate markets with high property prices. The low-income and poor households are unable to access affordable housing and remain excluded. This paper draws from empirical research conducted in the city of San Francisco and focuses on the application of Land Value Capture (LVC) through increased Inclusionary Housing (IH) requirements after plan changes that increased density potential in San Francisco’s Eastern Neighbourhoods to evaluate its effects on the goals of increasing both affordable housing and social inclusion. Findings reveal that the increased inclusionary requirements used as LVC mechanism enabled 76.2% of all the affordable housing units produced in the Eastern Neighbourhoods to be produced by market-rate developers in 2011–2015 as compared to the rest of San Francisco, where 35.5% of the affordable units were produced from the market through inclusionary policy during the same period. The study demonstrates that upzoning underutilised land coupled with a well-planned LVC mechanism can help harness the strength of the real estate market and increase both affordable housing production and social inclusion.

scholarly journals Challenge of capturing socially generated land values: principle versus practicality

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-641
Author(s):  
Colin Jones ◽  
Mark Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Land Values ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Successful Approach

This article provides a review of past attempts to harness the uplift in land values arising from granting planning permission to better understand the current difficulties of the use of land-value capture. The scheme has been the most successful approach to date, but the theoretical fundamentals are fudged and there are substantial policy variations between localities: a victory of practicality over principle. We argue that a tax on development value would be more effective whilst maintaining the principles of taxing socially generated land values.

scholarly journals 10 Questions to Ask About Planning, Financing and Implementing Transit Oriented Development Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Moon ◽  
Albert Amos ◽  
Prerna Vijaykumar Mehta ◽  
Luana Betti ◽  
Henrique Evers
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Land Use Regulation ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Complete Streets ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Infrastructure Investments

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategies can improve connectivity between housing and employment centers, green spaces, and community facilities by supporting both local environmental sustainability objectives, through more efficient use of land, and “complete” streets, by creating safer infrastructure for pedestrians and bicyclists, leading to potential modal shifts. Enabling conditions for TOD may include changes in land-use regulation and other statutory provisions to create an integrated regulatory framework. TOD requires robust stakeholder engagement and institutional coordination during planning and implementation. Financing mechanisms cities have used to fund TOD include Land Value Capture, a strategy based on expected increases in land values due to infrastructure investments. These mechanisms have been used to generate revenues such as Tax Increment Financing (TIF) and a wide range of taxes and fees. Cities should be aware of the potential negative impacts of TOD, such as displacement and gentrification. Effective and inclusive TOD strategies should be accompanied by land management strategies that mitigate these impacts, including having policies in place to ensure the preservation and expansion of affordable housing. There is typically a lag of at least 5 to 10 years before the economic and financial impacts of TOD investments are fully realized, thus requiring the need for patient capital, well-structured deals and financial instruments, and proper governance.

Art, Idleness and Food: The Ethics of War Communism and the Origins of Production Art, 1918–1919

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-287
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Early Production ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Theory Of Production

The article examines the impact of the discourses concerning idleness and food on the formation of “production art” in the socio-political context of revolutionary Petrograd. The author argues that the development of the theory and practice of this early productionism was closely related to the larger political, social and ideological processes in the city. The Futurists, who were in the epicenter of Petrograd politics during the Civil War (1918–1921), were well acquainted with both of the discourses mentioned, and they contrasted the idleness of the old art with the dedicated labor of the “artist-proletarians” whom they valued as highly as people in the “traditional” working professions. And the search for the “right to exist” became the most important goal in a starving city dominated by the ideology of radical communism. The author departs from the prevailing approach in the literature, which links the artistic thought of the Futurists to Soviet ideology in its abstract, generalized form, and instead elucidates ideological influences in order to consider the early production texts in their immediate social and political contexts. The article shows that the basic concepts of production art (“artist-proletarian,” “creative labor,” etc.) were part of the mainstream trends in the politics of “red Petrograd.” The Futurists borrowed the popular notion of the “commune” for the title of their main newspaper but also worked with the Committees of the Rural Poor and with the state institutions for procurement and distribution. They took an active part in the Fine Art Department of Narkompros (People’s Commissariat of Education). The theory of production art was created under these conditions. The individualistic protest and “aesthetic terror” of pre-revolutionary Futurism had to be reconsidered, and new state policy measures were based on them. The harsh socio-economic context of war communism prompted artists to rethink their own role in the “impending commune.” Further development of these ideas led to the Constructivist movement and strongly influenced the extremely diverse trends within the “left art” of the 1920s.

Universal Health Coverage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joia S. Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
The Right ◽  
Universal Health

This chapter explores the seminal topic of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), an objective within the Sustainable Development goals. It reviews the theory and definitions that shape the current conversation on UHC. The movement from selective primary health care to UHC demonstrates a global commitment to the progressive realization of the right to health. However, access to UHC is limited by barriers to care, inadequate provision of care, and poor-quality services. To deliver UHC, it is critical to align inputs in the health system with the burden of disease. Quality of care must also be improved. Steady, sufficient financing is needed to achieve the laudable goal of UHC.This chapter highlights some important steps taken by countries to expand access to quality health care. Finally, the chapter investigates the theory and practice behind a morbidity-based approach to strengthening health systems and achieving UHC.

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