Evaluation of silane effect as a coupling agent for metakaolin

This study aimed at evaluating the coupling effect of silane Si69 bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide in metakaolin (MK) in automobile tire tread compounds based on a styrene–butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber blend. A reference compound of a typical tread recipe, filled with silica and carbon black, was used as a reference due to the acknowledged effect of TESPT in silica incorporation in elastomers. A silica sample without silane was also prepared. Silica was then completely substituted by MK, producing two samples, with and without silane. The samples were tested for crosslink density, rheometry, and morphology, and the vulcanization reaction parameters were determined and evaluated. Silane improved the interaction between MK and the polymer matrix, evidenced by the increase in crosslink density and vulcanization reaction rate, the same effect silane causes on silica-filled composites. Morphology also revealed that silane increased MK dispersion and adhesion to rubber. On the other hand, MK seems not to be as reinforcing as silica, considering that maximum torque is related to the stiffness of the material, with MK exhibiting lower values for this parameter.

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Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Nitrile Glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) Blends: The Effects of Recycled Nitrile Glove (rNBRg) Particle Sizes

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.673.151 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 673 ◽

pp. 151-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.Z. Nik Yahya ◽

Nik Noriman Zulkepli ◽

Hanafi Ismail ◽

Sam Sung Ting ◽

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Maximum Torque ◽

Curing Characteristics ◽

Cure Time ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Minimum Torque

The effects of different particle sizes of recycled nitrile glove (rNBRg) on curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/recycled nitrile glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) blends were investigated. The particle sizes of rNBRg were differentiated by the method of sizing. S1 was obtained by cutting the rNBRg into smaller sheets; S2 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times; and S3 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times and then mechanically grinded. NR/SBR/rNBRg blends were prepared at 50/30/20 composition using two roll mill at room temperature, with different particle sizes, rNBRg (S1), rNBRg (S2) and rNBRg (S3). Curing characteristics (scorch time, cure time, minimum torque and maximum torque), tensile properties and physical properties (crosslink density, resilience and hardness) of the blends were investigated. Results indicated that scorch time, cure time and minimum torque decreased as the rNBRg particle size decreased, while maximum torque and crosslink density increased. Tensile strength of the blends decreased as the rNBRg particle size reduced, which explained the formation of holes on the surfaces of tensile fracture, observed by scanning electron microscope. The rigidity of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends increased when smaller rNBRg particles were used, which explained the increased in hardness and decreased in resilience of the blends.

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Effect of Recycled Nitrile Glove (rNBRg) Particle Sizes on Curing Characteristics and Physical Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Nitrile Glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) Blends

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.54 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 815 ◽

pp. 54-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.Z. Nik Yahya ◽

Nik Noriman Zulkepli ◽

Hussin Kamarudin ◽

Hanafi Ismail ◽

Sam Sung Ting ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Maximum Torque ◽

Curing Characteristics ◽

Cure Time ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Minimum Torque

Effects of different particle sizes of recycled nitrile glove (rNBRg) on curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/recycled nitrile glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) blends were studied. The particle sizes of rNBRg were differentiated by the method of producing. S1 was obtained by cutting the rNBRg (whole glove) into smaller sheet; S2 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times; S3 was obtained by passing rNBRg through 2 rolls mill for 10 times and then mechanically grinded. NR/SBR/rNBRg blends were prepared at 50/30/20 composition using two roll mill at room temperature, with different particle sizes, rNBRg (S1), rNBRg (S2) and rNBRg (S3). Scorch time, cure time, minimum torque, maximum torque, crosslink density and hardness of the blends were examined. Results indicated that scorch time, cure time and minimum torque decreased as the rNBRg particle size decreased, while maximum torque and crosslink density increased. The rigidity of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends increased when smaller rNBRg particles were used, which explained the increased in hardness and decreased in resilience of the blends.

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Novel modification of styrene butadiene rubber/acrylic rubber blends to improve mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and swelling behavior for oil sealing applications

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/09673911211031351 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112110313

Author(s):

Ahmed Abdel-Hakim ◽

Soma A el-Mogy ◽

Ahmed I Abou-Kandil

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Rubber Blends ◽

Dynamic Mechanical ◽

Oil Resistance ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Blending of rubber is an important route to modify properties of individual elastomeric components in order to obtain optimum chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. In this study, a novel modification of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is made by employing acrylic rubber (ACM) to obtain blends of outstanding mechanical, dynamic, and oil resistance properties. In order to achieve those properties, we used a unique vulcanizing system that improves the crosslink density between both polymers and enhances the dynamic mechanical properties as well as its resistance to both motor and break oils. Static mechanical measurements, tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness are improved together with dynamic mechanical properties investigated using dynamic mechanical analyses. We also proposed a mechanism for the improvement of crosslink density and consequently oil resistance properties. This opens new opportunities for using SBR/ACM blends in oil sealing applications that requires rigorous mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties.

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Effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and tensile properties of carbon-black-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201819712006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 12006 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Indra Surya ◽

Hanafi Ismail

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Density Measurement ◽

Tensile Modulus ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Cure Characteristics ◽

Styrene Butadiene

By using a semi-efficient sulphur vulcanisation system, the effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, crosslink density and tensile properties of carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds were investigated. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin and diethanolamine and added into the CB-filled SBR compounds. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK decreased the scorch and cure times of the CB-filled SBR compounds. ALK also improved the tensile modulus and tensile strength; especially up to a 5.0 phr of loading. The crosslink density measurement proved that the 5.0 phr of ALK exhibited the highest degree of crosslink density which caused the highest in tensile modulus and tensile strength. Due to its plasticity effect, ALK increased the elongation at break of the CB-filled SBR vulcanisates.

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Studies on Dicumyl Peroxide Vulcanization of Styrene—Butadiene Rubber in Presence of Sulfur and 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3540436 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 266-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. K. Das ◽

S. Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Addition Reaction ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Methyl Groups ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

First Order ◽

First Order Kinetics ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Abstract The effect of sulfur, MBT, zinc oxide, and stearic acid on the DCP vulcanization of SBR has been studied. DCP decomposition obeys first order kinetics in all cases, but its rate constant is higher in presence of MBT. Sulfur and MBT reduce the crosslink density due to DCP. In the mixes containing sulfur, MBT, zinc oxide, and stearic acid in presence of DCP the crosslink density is initially additive. Here oxidation of some pendent vinyl groups are effected by DCP, and these groups also take part in thiol addition reaction with MBT. The thiazole accelerated sulfuration of SBR proceeds fundamentally by the same mechanism as reported for NR, but the details show slight difference chiefly due to the presence of pendent vinyl groups and styrene units in the chain and due to the absence of pendent methyl groups in SBR.

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Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Nitrile Glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) Ternary Blend: Curing Characteristics and Swelling Test

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.634 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 594-595 ◽

pp. 634-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.Z. Nik Yahya ◽

N.Z. Noimam ◽

Hanafi Ismail ◽

Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh ◽

Santiagoo Ragunathan

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Swelling Behavior ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Ternary Blend ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Maximum Torque ◽

Curing Characteristics ◽

Cure Time ◽

Styrene Butadiene ◽

Minimum Torque

Curing characteristics and swelling behavior of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber/recycled nitrile glove (NR/SBR/rNBRg) blends were investigated. Eleven composition ratio; 50/50/0, 50/40/10, 50/30/20, 50/20/30, 50/10/40, 50/0/50, 40/50/10, 30/50/20, 20/50/30, 10/50/40, and 0/50/50 of SMRL/SBR/rNBRg with the size of rNBRg ; 2.5 3.0 cm2 were prepared by using two roll mill at room temperature. Cure characteristics such as scorch time,t2, cure time,t90, minimum torque, ML, maximum torque, MH, and swelling behavior of SMRL/SBR/rNBRg ternary blends were examined. Results indicated that the scorch time and maximum torque of the NR/SBR/rNBRg blends decreased with increasing rNBRg content. The minimum torque of the blends increased as rNBRg content increased. The cure time of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends show a unique trend, which are depending on the domain rubber content. The increment in rNBRg content decreased the crosslink density of NR/SBR/rNBRg blends.

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Viscosity and Molecular Weight of Masticated Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3535713 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 961-966 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. K. Bhatnagar ◽

S. Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Intrinsic Viscosity ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Empirical Relation ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Mooney Viscosity ◽

The Times ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Abstract Changes in the value of [η], [ηm], K′, (M) and μ of SBR masticated in the cold at 25.0 ± 5.0° C in presence of oxygen with the times of mastication are reported. An empirical relation has been developed between the intrinsic viscosity [η] and Mooney viscosity [ηm] which permits molecular weight of the rubber to be determined directly from Mooney viscosity. The value of g which appears in the Flory equation connecting true crosslink density with the physically determined one has been calculated for unfilled SBR.

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Effect of Epoxidized Palm Oil Loading on the Swelling and Mechanical Properties of SBR Vulcanizates

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.236 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 812 ◽

pp. 236-240

Author(s):

Mohd Zaki Nurul Ayunie ◽

Ahmad Zafir Romli ◽

M.A. Wahab ◽

Mohd Hanafiah Abidin

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Crosslink Density ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Butadiene Rubber ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Epoxidized Palm Oil ◽

Opposite Trend ◽

Styrene Butadiene

The effects of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) content in carbon black filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) on tensile strength, elongation at break and crosslink density were investigated. Five different loadings of EPO in parts per hundred rubbers (phr) were used to test the tensile strength of the carbon black filled SBR which showed a decreasing trend as the content of EPO in the vulcanizates increased. In contrast, elongation at break showed the opposite trend where the elongation at break increased as the content of the EPO increased. The SBR vulcanizates with the highest content of EPO gave the highest value of elongation at break which is 2393.56%. In the case of swelling index, it was found to increase as the amount of EPO increased.

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