Investigating Ostracism and Racial Microaggressions Toward Afro-Brazilians

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eros R. DeSouza ◽  
Eric D. Wesselmann ◽  
Leonidas R. Taschetto ◽  
Gabriel C. Rosa ◽  
Carla F. F. Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Recall Paradigm

We examined two forms of social exclusion toward Afro-Brazilians commonly found in the United States, ostracism and racial microaggressions. We utilized a mixed-method (quantitative-experimental and qualitative) approach to investigate ostracism and a qualitative focus group approach to study racial microaggressions. In Study 1 ( n = 29), we experimentally investigated ostracism through a recall paradigm in which participants wrote about being either included or ostracized. An independent t test showed that participants in the ostracized condition reported significantly worse psychological outcomes than those in the included condition ( p < .001). We coded participants’ written responses by whether they included attributions of racial bias by experimental condition. A Pearson chi-square analysis ( p = .017) revealed that racial bias was mentioned in 75% of the cases in the ostracized condition. Studies 2a and 2b ( ns = 6 and 8, respectively) consisted of two focus groups in different regions of Brazil that asked participants about their experiences with racial microaggressions. We found similarities to previous microaggression categories identified in the United States, extending our understanding of how microaggressions evoke feelings of social exclusion, which also occur when someone is ostracized.

scholarly journals Man’s Best Friend? How Dogs Have Been Used to Oppress African Americans

2020 ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Shontel Stewart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Layer ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
Police Interactions

The use of dogs as tools of oppression against African Americans has its roots in slavery and persists today in everyday life and police interactions. Due to such harmful practices, African Americans are not only disproportionately terrorized by officers with dogs, but they are also subject to instances of misplaced sympathy, illsuited laws, and social exclusion in their communities. Whether extreme and violent or subtle and pervasive, the use of dogs in oppressive acts is a critical layer of racial bias in the United States that has consistently built injustices that impede social and legal progress. By recognizing this pattern and committing to an intentional effort to end the devaluation of African Americans, the United States can begin to address the trailing pawprints of its racial inequities.

Role Models, Perceived Sport Encouragement, and Sport Expectancies of United States Adolescent Athletes and Their Parents

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Martin ◽  
Peggy A. Richardson ◽  
Karen H. Weiller ◽  
Allen W. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Parental Encouragement ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

During the past decade females have had more opportunities to participate in sports at various levels than ever before. These opportunities and the recognition received due to their success may have changed peoples’ views regarding same-sex role models, perceived parental encouragement, and expectations of success. Thus, the purpose of the study was to explore role models, perceived encouragement to participate in youth sport from parents, and sport expectations of adolescent athletes and their parents living in the United States of America. A questionnaire was administered to 426 adolescent athletes who competed in youth sport leagues and to one parent within each family unit (n=426). Chi square analysis indicated significant relationships between athletes’ gender and the gender of their role model and between parents’ gender and the gender of their role model (p = .0001). DM MANOVA revealed a significant multivariate difference for adolescent athletes and their parents on the questions concerning expectations for future athletic success. Post hoc analyses indicated that the athletes were more likely than their parents to believe that they could play at the college, Olympic, or professional levels. In addition, boys were more likely than girls to believe that they could play at the college, Olympic, and professional levels.

scholarly journals The Incidence of Revision Adenoidectomy: A Comparison of four Surgical Techniques over a 10-year Period

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. E5-E9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nipun Bhandari ◽  
Debra M. Don ◽  
Jeffrey A. Koempel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Revision Surgery ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Adenoid Tissue ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Approximately 130,000 adenoidectomies are performed each year in the United States. Few studies have examined adenoid regrowth and the incidence of revision surgery or have compared four different surgical instruments commonly used for adenoid surgery within the same institution. This study aimed to determine the incidence of revision adenoidectomy after the use of microdebrider, Coblation, suction cautery, and curette instruments over a 10-year period at a single major tertiary children's center in the United States. A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who underwent primary and/or revision adenoidectomy at the Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) between August 2004 and August 2014. During the 10-year study period, a microdebrider was used in 212 cases, Coblation in 382, suction cautery in 1,926, and curette in 3,139 adenoidectomies. The percentages of revision adenoidectomy were 1.42% (3 patients) for microdebrider, 0.79% (3 patients) for Coblation, 0.36% (7 patients) for suction cautery, and 0.03% (1 patient) for curette. The cumulative incidence of revision adenoidectomy for initial surgeries performed at CHLA was 0.2% for the 10-year study period. Pearson chi-square analysis showed statistically significant differences between the surgical techniques (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, regrowth of adenoid tissue requiring revision surgery occurs very infrequently irrespective of the instrument used for the primary procedure, and the most common indication for revision adenoidectomy is to improve eustachian tube dysfunction rather than nasal obstruction due to adenoid hypertrophy.

Comparing Disability Prototypes in the United States and Kenya

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Erin Martz ◽  
Samantha Daniel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Superordinate Category ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Disability Categories ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The purpose of this cross-cultural research was to examine prototypical perspectives about disability groups in the United States and Kenya. Open-ended questions permitted participants to describe what they thought were prototypical characteristics of people in four disability groups (AIDS, hearing impairment, mental illness, and spinal cord injury). A global chi-square analysis indicated that significant differences existed in the prototypical responses of the two samples. While both samples had the highest percentage in the category of disability-focused responses, there were greater ability-focused and lesser disability-focused responses in the U.S. sample in comparison to the Kenyan sample. Further, individual chi-square analyses of each superordinate category, when examining the two samples across four disability categories, demonstrated that only one superordinate category, stigma, was significantly different between the two samples, whereas the other five superordinate categories (i.e., ability focus, disaoility focus, negative emotions, positive emotions, and random response) exhibited no significant differences. Implications of the findings are briefly discussed.

Racial and ethnic representation trends in United States oncology training programs.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6519-6519
Author(s):  
Conner Lombardi ◽  
Jacob Lang ◽  
Rochell Issa ◽  
Oluchi Ukaegbu Oke ◽  
Krishna Reddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Radiation Oncology ◽  
Medical Oncology ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Gynecologic Oncology ◽  
Surgical Oncology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pediatric Hematology ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

6519 Background: Utilizing race and ethnicity data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), this study aims to assess representation trends across American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) participant specialties from the past five academic years in order to characterize current needs and effectively address these needs moving forward. Methods: Self-reported ethnicity/race data from the ACGME database books were collected from academic years 2015-16 to 2019-2020 for the following oncologic training programs: hematology and medical oncology, medical oncology, gynecologic oncology, pediatric hematology and oncology, radiation oncology, complex general surgical oncology. Summary statistics and chi-square analysis were conducted to compare underrepresented minority (URM) trends across programs. URM groups were cross-referenced with definitions provided by the AAMC and included those who identify as Hispanic, Latino or of Spanish origin, Black or African American, and Native American or Alaskan. Results: Over the study period, only 1,250 (9.0%) of 13,853 oncology trainees identified as URM. Chi-square analysis demonstrated no significant change in URM representation in all oncology specialties combined between 2015-16 and 2019-20 (8.9% [95% CI, 7.8%-10.0%] vs. 9.7% [95% CI, 8.7%-10.8%]; P=.31). Between 2015-16 and 2019-20, Hematology and oncology (+1.3%), pediatric hematology and oncology (+0.3%) all demonstrated insignificant increasing trends in representation while radiation oncology (-0.3%), complex general surgical oncology (-4.0%) had statistically insignificant decreasing trends in representation. Gynecologic oncology (+6.0%) demonstrated a significant increasing trend in representation. Conclusions: This is the first study to characterize the vast disparities in representation in oncologic training programs in the United States. There is a demonstrated lack of representation across all oncology training programs and a lack of significant improvement over the study period. A multiprong approach is needed to improve diversity and representation across the spectrum of the oncology workforce in the United States.

Acceptability of Suicide: Attitudes in Taiwan and in the United States

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Domino ◽  
Di Shen ◽  
Sulin Su
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Incurable Illness ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Reasonable Solution ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The Suicide Opinion Questionnaire was administered to two samples, one from Taiwan ( n = 291) and one from the United States ( n = 218). Mean scores on the Acceptability scale were significantly higher for the Taiwanese sample, indicating greater acceptance. A chi-square analysis indicated significant response rates for ten of the eleven items, with eight of the eleven items showing greater agreement in the Taiwanese sample. Taiwanese are less accepting of suicide in cases of incurable illness, and agree less that suicide may be the only escape from life's problems. They are, however, more accepting of suicide for the elderly infirm, for captured soldiers, as a reasonable solution, as a normal behavior, agree with non-interference, with the option of suicide clinics, and passive suicide.

scholarly journals Opinions of American and Swedish Orthodontists about the Role of Erupting Third Molars as a Cause of Dental Crowding

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tüfekçi ◽  
D. Svensk ◽  
J. Kallunki ◽  
J. Huggare ◽  
S. J. Lindauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mandibular Third Molars ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Dental Crowding ◽  
Upper Third

Abstract Objective: To compare the opinions of Swedish orthodontists and American orthodontists regarding the association between third molar eruption and dental crowding. Materials and Methods: A survey was distributed to Swedish orthodontists (n = 230) asking their views on the force exerted by erupting third molars, its relationship to crowding, and their recommendations for prophylactic removal. Results were compared with those from a similar study conducted in the United States. Chi square analysis was used to determine differences in responses to questions between Swedish and American orthodontists. P ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results: Both Swedish and American orthodontists believed that lower third molars were more likely than upper third molars to cause force (65% and 58% for Swedish and American orthodontists, respectively) and crowding (42% and 40%, respectively). No statistically significant differences were seen between the answers of American and Swedish orthodontists regarding the role of upper and lower third molars in causing crowding. Although only 18% of Swedish orthodontists “generally” or “sometimes” recommended prophylactic removal of mandibular third molars, 36% of American orthodontists “generally” or “sometimes” recommended removal (P &lt; .0001). Conclusions: Most orthodontists in the United States and Sweden do believe that erupting lower third molars exert an anterior force; however, they also believe that these teeth “rarely” or “never” cause crowding of the dentition. The reason that more American orthodontists recommend prophylactic removal of mandibular third molars remains unexplained.

An Examination of Pre-Activity and Post-Activity Stretching Practices of NCAA Division I and NCAA Divison III Basketball Programs

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Judge ◽  
David Bellar ◽  
Kimberly J. Bodey ◽  
Bruce Craig ◽  
Michael Prichard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Division I ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Men's Basketball ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine if NCAA Division I and III men’s basketball programs were in compliance with recommended pre- and post-activity stretching protocols. Questionnaires were sent to 500 NCAA Division I and Division III programs in the United States. Seventy-six coaches (75 males & 1 female) participated in the study. Chi-Square analysis (χ2(3,n=69) = 42.29, p≤0.001) indicated a greater combined percentage of static/pnf/ballistic stretches (10.14%, n=7) and combination of stretches (57.97%, n=40) than expected as compared to dynamic stretches (31.89%, n=22). Participants were asked during what period (pre- or post-activity) stretching should be emphasized. The results were significantly different from expected (χ2(4,n=76) = 129.28, p≤0.001), with a greater percentage of pre-activity stretches (26.31%, n=20) and both pre- and post-activity of stretches (60.52%, n=46) being reported as compared to post-activity stretches (13.15%, n=10). Some results seemed to be in conflict with current recommendations in the literature regarding pre-activity stretching practices.

Feel the Burn! Fireworks-related Otolaryngologic Trauma

2021 ◽  
pp. 000348942110081
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Straughan ◽  
Luke J. Pasick ◽  
Vrinda Gupta ◽  
Daniel A. Benito ◽  
Joseph F. Goodman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Penetrating Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neck Injuries ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Injury Surveillance System ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objectives: Fireworks are used commonly for celebrations in the United States, but can lead to severe injury to the head and neck. We aim to assess the incidence, types, and mechanisms of head and neck injuries associated with fireworks use from 2010 to 2019. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study, using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, of individuals presenting to United States Emergency Departments with head and neck injuries caused by fireworks and flares from 2010 to 2019. Incidence, types, and mechanisms of injury related to fireworks use in the US population were assessed. Results: A total of 541 patients (349 [64.5%] male, and 294 [54%] under 18 years of age) presented to emergency departments with fireworks-related head and neck injuries; the estimated national total was 20 584 patients (13 279 male, 9170 white, and 11 186 under 18 years of age). The most common injury diagnoses were burns (44.7% of injuries), laceration/avulsion/penetrating trauma (21.1%), and otologic injury (15.2%), which included hearing loss, otalgia, tinnitus, unspecified acoustic trauma, and tympanic membrane perforation. The remaining 19% of injuries were a mix, including contusion, abrasion, hematoma, fracture, and closed head injury. Associations between fireworks type and injury diagnosis (chi-square P < .001), as well as fireworks type by age group (chi-square P < .001) were found. Similarly, associations were found between age groups and injury diagnoses (chi-square P < .001); these included children 5 years and younger and adults older than 30 years. Conclusions: Fireworks-related head and neck injuries are more likely to occur in young, white, and male individuals. Burns are the most common injury, while otologic injury is a significant contributor. Annual rates of fireworks-related head and neck injuries have not changed or improved significantly in the United States in the past decade, suggesting efforts to identify and prevent these injuries are insufficient.

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