scholarly journals Digital Manipulation of Images of Models' Appearance in Advertising: Strategies for Action Through Law and Corporate Social Responsibility Incentives to Protect Public Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin McBride ◽  
Nancy Costello ◽  
Suman Ambwani ◽  
Breanne Wilhite ◽  
S. Bryn Austin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Corporate Social

AbstractContext:Widespread digital retouching of advertising imagery in the fashion, beauty, and other consumer industries promotes unrealistic beauty standards that have harmful effects on public health. In particular, exposure to misleading beauty imagery is linked with greater body dissatisfaction, worse mood, poorer self-esteem, and increased risk for disordered eating behaviors. Moreover, given the social, psychological, medical, and economic burden of eating disorders, there is an urgent need to address environmental risk factors and to scale up prevention efforts by increasing the regulation of digitally altered advertising imagery.Methods:This manuscript summarizes the health research literature linking digital retouching of advertising to increased risk of eating disorders, disordered weight and appearance control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction in consumers, followed by a review of global policy initiatives designed to regulate digital retouching to reduce health harms to consumers. Next, we turn to the US legal context, reporting on findings generated through legal research via Westlaw and LexisNexis, congressional records, federal agency websites, law review articles, and Supreme Court opinions, in addition to consulting legal experts on both tax law and the First Amendment, to evaluate the viability of various policy initiatives proposed to strengthen regulation on digital retouching in the United States.Findings:Influencing advertising practices via tax incentives combined with corporate social responsibility initiatives may be the most constitutionally feasible options for the US legal context to reduce the use of digitally alternated images of models' bodies in advertising.Conclusions:Policy and corporate initiatives to curtail use of digitally altered images found to be harmful to mental and behavioral health of consumers could reduce the burden of eating disorders, disordered weight and appearance control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction and thereby improve population health in the United States.

scholarly journals Food Insecurity Is Associated With Cardiovascular and All‐Cause Mortality Among Adults in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangbo Sun ◽  
Buyun Liu ◽  
Shuang Rong ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Guifeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us

Background Food insecurity is a global leading public health challenge that affects not only developing countries but also developed countries, including the United States. About 50 million Americans are food insecure. In this study we examined the associations of the adult food insecurity with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods and Results We included 27 188 US adults (age ≥40 years of age) who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2014. Food insecurity status was assessed using the Food Security Survey Module developed by the US Department of Agriculture. Mortality from all causes and cardovascular disease was ascertained through data linkage to the National Death Index through December 31, 2015. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression with sampling weights to estimate hazard ratios ( HR s) and 95% CIs of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, according to food security status. During 205 389 person‐years of the period, 5039 deaths occurred, including 1084 cardiovascular disease deaths. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, and dietary and lifestyle factors, participants with very low food security had higher risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, with multivariable‐adjusted HR s of 1.32 (95% CI , 1.07–1.62), and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.04–2.26), respectively, compared with those with high food security. Conclusions Food insecurity is significantly associated with increased risk of excess death from cardiovascular disease and all causes in US adults.

scholarly journals Differential impact of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Liu ◽  
Xiao Xu ◽  
Guanqiao Li ◽  
Xian Xu ◽  
Yuyao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Individualized Decision

Abstract Background: The widespread pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an unprecedented global health crisis. In the United States (US), different state governments have adopted various combinations of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions (NPIs), such as non-essential business closures and gathering bans, to mitigate the epidemic from February to April, 2020. Quantitative assessment on the effectiveness of NPIs is greatly needed to assist in guiding individualized decision making for adjustment of interventions in the US and around the world. However, the impacts of these approaches remain uncertain.Methods: Based on the reported cases, the effective reproduction number (Rt) of COVID-19 epidemic for 50 states in the US was estimated. Measurements on the effectiveness of nine different NPIs were conducted by assessing risk ratios (RRs) between R t and NPIs through a generalized linear model (GLM). Results: Different NPIs were found to have led to different levels of reduction in Rt. Stay-at-home contributed approximately 51% (95% CI 46%-57%), wearing (face) masks 29% (15%-42%), gathering ban (more than 10 people) 19% (14%-24%), non-essential business closure 16% (10%-21%), declaration of emergency 13% (8%-17%), interstate travel restriction 11% (5%-16%), school closure 10% (7%-14%), initial business closure 10% (6%-14%), and gathering ban (more than 50 people) 7% (2%-11%).Conclusions: This retrospective assessment of NPIs on Rt has shown that NPIs played critical roles on epidemic control in the US in the past several months. The quantitative results could guide individualized decision making for future adjustment of NPIs in the US and other countries for COVID-19 and other similar infectious diseases.

scholarly journals The US Public Health Service House-to-House Canvass Survey of the Morbidity and Mortality of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. e1-e8
Author(s):  
Alfredo Morabia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Us

Between November 20, 1918, and March 12, 1919, the US Public Health Service carried out a vast population-based survey to assess the incidence rate and mortality of the influenza pandemic among 146 203 persons in 18 localities across the United States. The survey attempted to retrospectively assess all self-reported or diagnosed cases of influenza since August 1, 1918. It indicated that the cumulative incidence of symptomatic influenza over 6 months had been 29.4% (range = 15% in Louisville, KY, to 53.3% in San Antonio, TX). The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.70%, and it ranged from 0.78% in San Antonio to 3.14% in New London, Connecticut. Localities with high cumulative incidence were not necessarily those with high CFR. Overall, assuming the survey missed asymptomatic cases, between August 1, 1918, and February 21, 1919, maybe more than 50% of the population was infected, and about 1% of the infected died. Eight months into the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States has not yet launched a survey that would provide population-based estimates of incidence and CFRs analogous to those generated by the 1918 US Public Health Service house-to-house canvass survey of influenza. Published online ahead of print December 8, 2020: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306025 )

scholarly journals Differential impact of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions on COVID-19 epidemics in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Liu ◽  
Xiao Xu ◽  
Guanqiao Li ◽  
Xian Xu ◽  
Yuyao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Closure ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individualized Decision

Abstract The widespread pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses an unprecedented global health crisis. In the United States (US), different state governments have adopted various combinations of non-pharmaceutical public health interventions (NPIs) to mitigate the epidemic from February to April, 2020. Quantitative assessment on the effectiveness of NPIs is in great need to assist in guiding the individualized decision making for adjustment of interventions in the US and around the world. However, the impact of these approaches remain uncertain. Based on the reported cases, the effective reproduction number of COVID-19 epidemic for 50 states in the US was estimated. The measurement on the effectiveness of eight different NPIs was conducted by assessing risk ratios (RRs) between and NPIs through a generalized linear model (GLM). Different NPIs were found to have led to different levels of reduction in. Stay-at-home contributed approximately 51% (95% CI 46%-57%), gathering ban (more than 10 people) 19% (14%-24%), non-essential business closure 16% (10%-21%), declaration of emergency 13% (8%-17%), interstate travel restriction 11% (5%-16%), school closure 10% (7%-13%), initial business closure 10% (6%-14%), and gathering ban (more than 50 people) 6% (2%-11%). This retrospective assessment of NPIs on has shown that NPIs played critical roles on epidemic control in the US in the past several months. The quantitative results could guide individualized decision making for future adjustment of NPIs in the US and other countries for COVID-19 and other similar infectious diseases.

scholarly journals The Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) Program to Monitor Travelers for Ebola After Arrival to the United States, 2014-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Joseph ◽  
Abbey E. Wojno ◽  
Kelly Winter ◽  
Onalee Grady-Erickson ◽  
Erin Hawes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Care Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention

The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa influenced how public health officials considered migration and emerging infectious diseases. Responding to the public’s concerns, the US government introduced enhanced entry screening and post-arrival monitoring by public health authorities to reduce the risk of importation and domestic transmission of Ebola while continuing to allow travel from West Africa. This case study describes a new initiative, the Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) program that engaged travelers arriving to the United States from countries with Ebola outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention employed CARE ambassadors, who quickly communicated with incoming travelers and gave them practical resources to boost their participation in monitoring for Ebola. The program aimed to increase travelers’ knowledge of Ebola symptoms and how to seek medical care safely, increase travelers’ awareness of monitoring requirements, reduce barriers to monitoring, and increase trust in the US public health system. This program could be adapted for use in future outbreaks that involve the potential importation of disease and require the education and active engagement of travelers to participate in post-arrival monitoring.

National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS)

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (8) ◽  
pp. 1201-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Steindel ◽  
William J. Rauch ◽  
Marianne K. Simon ◽  
James Handsfield
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Specimen Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Clinical Laboratory Testing

Abstract Context.—A statistically valid inventory of the distribution, both geographic and by laboratory type, of clinical and anatomical laboratory testing in the United States is needed to assess the impact of the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments of 1988 and to provide information for other health care and public health policy decisions. Objective.—To present initial US laboratory testing volume data compiled by the National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services. Design.—Stratified random sample of laboratories performing testing in 1996 with data on the number of laboratory tests performed, identified by method and analyte. Data were collected by field tabulators (moderate- or high-complexity laboratories) or through a mail/telephone survey (waived or provider-performed microscopy laboratories) for each site. Participants.—Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing during 1996. Main Outcome Measure.—Laboratory testing distribution for 1996 in the United States by analyte, method, and specimen type. Results.—An overall response rate of 79% provided data from 757 moderate- or high-complexity laboratories and 1322 waived or provider-performed microscopy laboratories. The estimated total US testing volume for 1996 was 7.25 ± 1.09 billion tests. Laboratories performing complex testing, defined as greater than 16 method/analyte/specimen type combinations, comprised 16% of the US laboratories by survey site, but performed 80% (95% confidence limits, 43% to 100%) of the testing volume. Glucose analysis was the most frequently performed test. Automated hematology and chemistry analyzers were the most frequently used methods. Conclusions.—A statistically valid, consistent survey of the distribution of US laboratory testing was obtained. Simple analysis of these data by laboratory type and geographic region can provide insights into where laboratory testing is performed. The study design allows extensions that will facilitate collection of additional data of importance to public health and medical care delivery.

Fracked Taxpayers and Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanti Gamper-Rabindran
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
The Us

The US and Argentinian shale industry enjoyed staunch support from domestic political, financial, and legal institutions, which enabled the industry to expand while externalizing financial, public health, and environmental costs to the general public. The Argentinian government’s decision to finance shale investments and the US and Argentinian governments’ decisions to finance the industry bailout sustained the industry even as its poor financial outlook that predated the COVID-19 crisis became widely acknowledged. State and provincial governments in both the United States and Argentina employed the legal system to prohibit local government and local communities, including Indigenous communities, from restricting shale development and infrastructures in their localities. Politicians’ support for the industry, cloaked as concerns for workers and communities, fortified the industry’s privileges. Reforming the entrenched institutional support for the industry, although a formidable challenge, is necessary for these countries to shift away from oil and gas dependency.

Infections with Chlamydia trachomatis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-270
Author(s):  
Roger L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Border States ◽  
The Us

Chlamydia trachomatis is a highly successful parasite of man which is to say that while some disease conditions produced are severe or fatal the majority are relatively minor. Worldwide in distribution, this organism remains the leading cause of blindness, due to trachoma; fully 15% of the world's population may be infected, prompting Sir Macfarlane Burnet to term trachoma one of the three most serious diseases of mankind.1 With the dwindling after World War II of the trachoma problem in the border states (Mason-Dixon line) of the United States, seven hospitals of the US Public Health Service devoted to this disease were closed and interest in chlamydial infections, save for an occasional outbreak of psittacosis, shifted to underdeveloped countries where trachoma remained a problem.

Patient-directed medicine labeling: Text differences between the United States and Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Connor ◽  
Miguel F. Ruiz-Garrido ◽  
William Rozycki ◽  
Elizabeth Goering ◽  
Eleanor D. Kinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Technical Vocabulary ◽  
The Us ◽  
Text Information ◽  
Rhetorical Features

As part of a larger project to examine the complexities of patient adherence to medical directions, the current study compares written information given with prescribed medicines to patients in the United States (US) and Spain suffering from two chronic diseases. First, the legal context of the voluntary nature of the provision of such information in the US, and the mandatory nature of provision in Spain, was explored. Then, 30 drugs in common use in both countries, 19 for cardiovascular disease and 11 for endocrine disorders, were identified and the texts of the corresponding patient-directed written information were included in an electronic corpus and analysed. Ten rhetorical features common to both the US and Spanish texts were identified. Differences were found in the placement of two of the features in relation to the complete text: information on ‘side effects’ and concerning ‘the need to seek medical advice’ appeared more frequently throughout the US texts than in the Spanish texts. Detailed lexical analysis showed more technical vocabulary in use in the Spanish texts.

Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Yngvild Olsen ◽  
Anika A. H. Alvanzo ◽  
Jarratt D. Pytell
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
The Us ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opioid Use Disorders ◽  
Barriers To Use

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. In spite of the significant public health impacts of SUDs, medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are underutilized for the treatment of SUDs. This chapter reviews the history of FDA-approved medications for alcohol, nicotine, and opioid use disorders and provides some background on barriers to use of these medications to treat patients with SUDs. Suggestions are provided to guide clinicians on a path forward to reduce these barriers and increase the use of FDA-approved medications for the treatment of SUDs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document