Investor Response to Workforce Downsizing: The Influence of Industry Waves, Macroeconomic Outlook, and Firm Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1775-1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Brauer ◽  
Martin Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Firm Financial Performance ◽  
Behavioral Decision ◽  
Intensity Changes ◽  
The Face ◽  
Market Valuations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Compound Effect

Building on behavioral decision-making theory, we study the extent to which current industry downsizing intensity, changes in future macroeconomic outlook, and a firm’s past performance trend influence the relationship between downsizing magnitude and investor response. Based on the analysis of a large-scale sample of downsizing announcements in the United States over a period of 12 years, our results indicate that negative investor responses to downsizings are amplified in periods of industry downsizing waves, in the face of changes in macroeconomic outlook, and subsequent to deteriorating firm financial performance. Additionally, our empirical results suggest that investors’ cross-level aggregation of these cues has a significant, negative compound effect on downsizing firms’ market valuations.

Ban Ki-moon, 2007–2016

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gowan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
The Face

During Ban Ki-moon’s tenure, the Security Council was shaken by P5 divisions over Kosovo, Georgia, Libya, Syria, and Ukraine. Yet it also continued to mandate and sustain large-scale peacekeeping operations in Africa, placing major burdens on the UN Secretariat. The chapter will argue that Ban initially took a cautious approach to controversies with the Council, and earned a reputation for excessive passivity in the face of crisis and deference to the United States. The second half of the chapter suggests that Ban shifted to a more activist pressure as his tenure went on, pressing the Council to act in cases including Côte d’Ivoire, Libya, and Syria. The chapter will argue that Ban had only a marginal impact on Council decision-making, even though he made a creditable effort to speak truth to power over cases such as the Central African Republic (CAR), challenging Council members to live up to their responsibilities.

Planning or Improvisation

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Alasdair Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Governance Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge

This chapter assesses the role of planning in the design of governance strategies. Enthusiasm for large-scale planning—also known as overall, comprehensive, long-term, economic, or social planning—boomed and collapsed in twentieth century. At the start of that century, progressive reformers seized on planning as the remedy for the United States' social and economic woes. By the end of the twentieth century, enthusiasm for large-scale planning had collapsed. Plans could be made, but they were unlikely to be obeyed, and even if they were obeyed, they were unlikely to work as predicted. The chapter then explains that leaders should make plans while being realistic about the limits of planning. It is necessary to exercise foresight, set priorities, and design policies that seem likely to accomplish those priorities. Simply by doing this, leaders encourage coordination among individuals and businesses, through conversation about goals and tactics. Neither is imperfect knowledge a total barrier to planning. There is no “law” of unintended consequences: it is not inevitable that government actions will produce entirely unexpected results. The more appropriate stance is modesty about what is known and what can be achieved. Plans that launch big schemes on brittle assumptions are more likely to fail. Plans that proceed more tentatively, that allow room for testing, learning, and adjustment, are less likely to collapse in the face of unexpected results.

Producing Diaspora

2018 ◽  
pp. 160-184
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Appert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indigenous Music ◽  
Material Gain ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Musical Elements ◽  
Verbal Performance

This chapter shows how palimpsestic practices of hip hop genre produce diasporic connections. It describes how hip hop practices of layering and sampling delink indigenous musical elements from traditional communicative norms to rework them in hip hop, where they signify rootedness and locality in ways consistent with hip hop practice in the United States. It demonstrates that this process relies on applications of hip hop time (musical meter) as being fundamentally different from indigenous music, whose local appeal is contrasted with hip hop’s global intelligibility. It outlines how hip hop concepts of flow free verbal performance from lyrical referentiality to render it a musical element. It argues that these practices of hip hop genre, in their delinking of sound and speech, reshape understandings of the relationship between commercialism and referentiality, and suggests that voice therefore should be understood to encompass artists’ agency in pursuing material gain in the face of socioeconomic struggle.

Teacher Education Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Menter
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Beginning Teachers ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Teacher Education Research

Although teacher education has been recognized as a key aspect of educational policy and practice, especially over the past few decades, the research undertaken to inform policy is in many respects inadequate. Drawing on reviews of such research as has been undertaken in Europe, the United States, Australasia as well as other parts of the world, we can identify the key questions for teacher education researchers. These include such topics as the relationship between theory and practice in professional learning, the significance of partnerships between schools and higher education institutions, the relationship between preservice teacher education and ongoing professional learning and the nature of the assessment of beginning teachers. Three approaches to teacher education research may be defined, and all of them are important in the quest for better understanding of the field. These three approaches are research in teacher education—mainly carried out by teacher education practitioners; research on teacher education—mainly carried out by education policy scholars; and research about teacher education—carried out by scholars in a range of disciplines and seeking to explore the wider social significance of teacher education. An exploration of each of these three approaches reveals that there is a serious dearth of large-scale and/or longitudinal studies that may be seen as genuinely independent and critical. This suggests that there is a large agenda for future teacher education research.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the importance of space in entrepreneurship research and policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 697-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Korsgaard ◽  
Richard A Hunt ◽  
David M Townsend ◽  
Mads Bruun Ingstrup
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Entrepreneurship Research ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

Given the COVID-19 crisis, the importance of space in the global economic system has emerged as critical in a hitherto unprecedented way. Even as large-scale, globally operating digital platform enterprises find new ways to thrive in the midst of a crisis, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) nestled in local economies have proven to be fragile to shocks, causing countless local economies to unravel in the face of severe challenges to survival. Here, we discuss the role of entrepreneurship in re-building local economies that are more resilient. Specifically, we take a spatial perspective and highlight how the COVID-19 crisis has uncovered problems in the current tendency for thin contextualisation and promotion of globalisation. Based on this critique, we outline new perspectives for thinking about the relationship between entrepreneurship, resilience and local economies. Here, a particular emphasis is given to resilience building through deeply contextualised policies and research, localised flows of products and labour, and the diversification of local economies.

scholarly journals The IGNITE Trial: Participant Recruitment Lessons Prior to SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Vidoni ◽  
Amanda Szabo-Reed ◽  
Chaeryon Kang ◽  
Jaime Perales-Puchalt ◽  
Ashley R. Shaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Trial Participant ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Phase Iii Trials ◽  
The Face ◽  
Comprehensive Test

AbstractFull and diverse participant enrollment is critical to the success and generalizability of all large-scale Phase III trials. Recruitment of sufficient participants is among the most significant challenges for many studies. The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has further changed and challenged the landscape for clinical trial execution, including screening and randomization. The Investigating Gains in Neurocognition in an Intervention Trial of Exercise (IGNITE) study has been designed as the most comprehensive test of aerobic exercise effects on cognition and brain health. Here we assess recruitment into IGNITE prior to the increased infection rates in the United States, and examine new challenges and opportunities for recruitment with a goal of informing the remaining required recruitment as infection containment procedures are lifted. The results may assist the design and implementation of recruitment for future exercise studies, and outline opportunities for study design that are flexible in the face of emerging threats.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Madden–Julian Oscillation and U.S. Violent Tornado Outbreaks in the Spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 2087-2095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Thompson ◽  
Paul E. Roundy
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Frequency Pattern ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tornado Outbreaks

Abstract The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) has been linked to weather variability in the midlatitudes via its associated overturning circulations and Rossby wave trains that redistribute the thermal and mass fields at higher latitudes. This work examines the relationship between the MJO and violent tornado outbreaks in the United States. A census of events shows that violent tornado outbreaks during March–April–May (MAM) are more than twice as frequent during phase 2 of the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index as during other phases or when the MJO was deemed inactive. Composite analyses show the global circulation patterns simultaneously associated with the MJO and the tornado outbreaks and also indicate the most favored low-frequency circulation pattern that precedes tornado outbreaks in RMM phase 2. An index of 300-hPa geopotential height data is generated by projecting 60-day mean values onto the composite low-frequency pattern. When that index exceeds one standard deviation and the MJO is in RMM phase 2 with an amplitude exceeding one standard deviation during MAM, violent tornado outbreaks occur 50% of the time, relative to the average frequency of less than 4%. Results demonstrate that the anomalous large-scale midlatitude circulation modulated by the MJO and lower-frequency signals can make conditions more or less favorable for tornado outbreaks.

scholarly journals Reduction of COVID-19 Incidence and Nonpharmacologic Interventions: Analysis Using a US County–Level Policy Data Set (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senan Ebrahim ◽  
Henry Ashworth ◽  
Cray Noah ◽  
Adesh Kadambi ◽  
Asmae Toumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Series Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Worldwide, nonpharmacologic interventions (NPIs) have been the main tool used to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes social distancing measures (closing businesses, closing schools, and quarantining symptomatic persons) and contact tracing (tracking and following exposed individuals). While preliminary research across the globe has shown these policies to be effective, there is currently a lack of information on the effectiveness of NPIs in the United States. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to create a granular NPI data set at the county level and then analyze the relationship between NPI policies and changes in reported COVID-19 cases. METHODS Using a standardized crowdsourcing methodology, we collected time-series data on 7 key NPIs for 1320 US counties. RESULTS This open-source data set is the largest and most comprehensive collection of county NPI policy data and meets the need for higher-resolution COVID-19 policy data. Our analysis revealed a wide variation in county-level policies both within and among states (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). We identified a correlation between workplace closures and lower growth rates of COVID-19 cases (<i>P</i>=.004). We found weak correlations between shelter-in-place enforcement and measures of Democratic local voter proportion (R=0.21) and elected leadership (R=0.22). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first large-scale NPI analysis at the county level demonstrating a correlation between NPIs and decreased rates of COVID-19. Future work using this data set will explore the relationship between county-level policies and COVID-19 transmission to optimize real-time policy formulation.

Navigating the Regulatory Environment in American Urban Areas

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Matthew Lehnert ◽  
Isabelle Nilsson ◽  
Neil Reid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neighborhood Revitalization ◽  
Zoning Regulations ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Cities

The impressive growth in the number of craft breweries in the United States has created both opportunities and challenges for municipalities. On the one hand, it is evident that craft breweries can add to the diversity of the urban fabric and contribute in a meaningful way to neighborhood vitality and, in the case of distressed areas, to neighborhood revitalization. On the other hand, zoning regulations in many municipalities have not been particularly accommodating. Craft breweries pose a challenge to municipalities, as their businesses represent a hybrid of restaurant, manufacturer, and entertainment. To capitalize on the growing popularity of craft breweries, municipalities have been changing their zoning ordinances. In this chapter, we examine the relationship between craft breweries and zoning in three American cities. We seek to highlight the differences and similarities that craft breweries face in seeking optimal locations, in the face of zoning challenges.

Personality, Ideology and World View: A Comparison of Media and Business Elites

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Rothman ◽  
S. Robert Lichter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
World View ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Business Elites ◽  
Business Executives ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Relationship

For some time we have been engaged in a large scale study of various leadership strata in the United States. Our goal is to clarify similarities and differences in background, ideology and personality among members of such strata. We are also interested in the relationship between these variables and the manner in which members of different leadership groups perceive ‘reality’. This article reports preliminary findings on two groups – leading business executives and top level journalists. Our work has been partly informed by hypotheses developed by social scientists as diverse as Max Weber, Harold Lasswell, Joseph Schumpeter, S. M. Lipset, Alvin Gouldner, Jurgen Habermas, Irving Kristol, Daniel Bell and others.

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