The Application of HLM to the Analysis of the Dynamic Interaction of Environment, Person and Behavior

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Vancouver
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Dynamic Decision Making ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Behavior

A multiple goal context was examined to assess the interaction of environment, person and behavior over time. Specifically, frequency of feedback was manipulated, and performance and goal commitment for a quality and a quantity goal were measured in a short-term, longitudinal study. One hundred fifteen participants were given the performance goals in a dynamic, decision-making task. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test the hypotheses, which included both within and between person effects. Discussion focussed on the special issues related to the interpretation of these types of multi-level data and the self-regulating framework used to develop the hypotheses.

A Dyadic Investigation of Depressed Affect and Interspousal Behavior in Couples With Chronic Back Pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina M Post ◽  
David A Smith ◽  
John W Burns ◽  
Laura S Porter ◽  
Francis J Keefe
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Chronic Back Pain ◽  
Pain Behavior ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Electronic Diary ◽  
Higher Criticism ◽  
Depressed Affect ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Background Depression and marital discord are characteristic not only of individuals with chronic low back pain (ICPs) but also of their spouses. Purpose We examined actor–partner interdependence models to evaluate associations among depressed affect and criticism and support of partners at the same time point (concurrent effects) and 3 hr later (lagged effects). Fully dyadic models were used to account for both within-person and cross-spouse associations among depressed affect, criticism, and support for ICPs and spouses. We also examined the direction of the relationships (depressed affect predicting behavior and behavior predicting depressed affect) all while controlling for pain intensity, pain behavior, and the prior dependent variable. Methods ICPs (n = 105) and their spouses completed electronic diary measures of depressed affect and behavior (criticism and support) five times a day for 2 weeks. Hierarchical linear modeling with person-mean centering was used for data analysis. Results Within the same 3 hr epoch, more depressed affect was related to higher criticism and generally less support. Lagged analyses suggested bidirectional relationships between spouse’s own depressed affect and spouse’s own criticism of ICPs. Spouse depressed affect was also associated with decreased support received from ICPs. Pain behavior and pain intensity were also related to depressed affect, criticism, and support especially concurrently. Conclusions Theories and interventions need to address not only ICP depressed affect but also spouse depressed affect, as spouse depressed affect may be a stress generating precursor to criticism and support.

Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling to Examine Dynamic Performance Criteria Over Time

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L. Deadrick ◽  
Nathan Bennett ◽  
Craig J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Dynamic Criteria

The selection literature has long debated the theoretical and practical significance of dynamic criteria. Recent research has begun to explore the nature of individual performance over time. This study contributes to this body of research through a hierarchical linear modeling analysis of dynamic criteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ability in explaining initial job performance, as well as the rate of improvement-or performance trend-among a sample of 408 sewing machine operators over a 24 week period. The results of a hierarchical linear modeling analysis suggest that ability measures are differentially related to initial performance and performance improvement trend.

Impact of employee pro-organizational unethical behavior on performance evaluation rated by supervisor: a moderated mediation model of supervisor bottom-line mentality

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Zhan ◽  
Yun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The topic of employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) has attracted more and more interest in both practice and academic fields. However, previous studies have mainly investigated the antecedents of UPB and little research has discussed the outcome variables. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effect mechanism of UPB on employee performance evaluation rated by a supervisor through a leader-member exchange (LMX) and the moderating role of supervisor bottom-line mentality (BLM). Design/methodology/approach This study used a sample consisting of 304 employees and 96 supervisors in several manufacturing firms in China. The authors used hierarchical linear modeling to test the hypotheses, as this was cross-level research. In addition, this paper also uses Mplus7.4 to test the moderating effects of supervisor BLM on the indirect effects between the UPB and performance evaluation by a moderated path analysis. Findings The results confirm that UPB is positively related to performance evaluation rated by supervisors. Additionally, the mediating effect of LMX in the relationship between UPB and performance evaluation is successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, supervisor BLM cross-levelly moderates the relationship between UPB and LMX, as well as moderates the mediation effect of LMX on the correlation between UPB and performance evaluation. Research limitations/implications The primary contribution of this research is building a cross-level model for the effect of UPB on followers’ performance evaluation scored by the supervisor and thereby extending the nomological networks of both UPB and performance evaluation literature. Another contribution the study makes to the literature is that it provides a new perspective to understand how UPB relates to followers’ performance evaluation. Originality/value This is the first study about how and when UPB predicts followers’ performance evaluation rated by the supervisor.

When is a Good Citizen Valued More? Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Performance Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se Hyung (David) Oh ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Fubin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
Group Context ◽  
And Performance

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) have been found to affect supervisors' ratings of employee performance partially because these behaviors are distinct and, thus, capture the rater's attention. In this study, we have expanded the existing literature by recognizing the rater's readiness to detect employee OCB. Specifically, we applied the concept of bottom-up and top-down attentional capture to test our prediction that the influence of OCB on employee performance evaluation would be dependent upon the rater's motivation to detect behaviors that potentially increase group effectiveness. Results of hierarchical linear modeling analysis of data collected from 33 work groups at 5 state-owned manufacturing factories in China supported our hypotheses. Our findings suggest that the relationship between OCB and performance ratings is more complex than originally thought and that both rater's cognition and group context should be taken into consideration when investigating this relationship.

Civil Society and the Legacies of Dictatorship

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bernhard ◽  
Ekrem Karakoç
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
National Level ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Organizational Life ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Civil Society Participation ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Different Types

The literature on civil society in postcommunist regimes highlights its weakness as compared with civil society in other democracies. In this article the authors make a general argument on how different patterns of antecedent dictatorship affect the development of civil society across a range of democracies. They examine the slow emergence of two behaviors associated with a robust civil society—participation in organizational life and in protest—and explain variation across countries as a function of regime history. They draw their individual-level data from the World Values Survey and analyze the behavior of over forty-one thousand citizens from forty-two democracies. Using methods of hierarchical linear modeling to control for both national-level and individual-level factors, the authors find that different types of dictatorship and variation in their duration produce different negative legacies for the development of civil society.

scholarly journals A multilevel analysis of the effects of indoor activities on psychological wellbeing during COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-507
Author(s):  
Mehmet Çetin ◽  
Özgür Kökalan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Digital Gaming ◽  
Multilevel Approach ◽  
Level Data

El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de las actividades en interiores tales como el ejercicio físico, la socialización digital y los juegos digitales, en los niveles de bienestar subjetivo de las personas. Dada la naturaleza dinámica de la pandemia para capturar el nivel diario dentro de la varianza individual, el estudio adapta un enfoque multinivel donde los días se anidan en personas. Se recopilan 1950 datos diarios a partir de 390 encuestados durante 5 días consecutivos durante la primera fase de la pandemia (cuando había políticas estrictas de aislamiento social) en Turquía. Los resultados de la partición de los componentes de la varianza respaldaron la necesidad de utilizar un enfoque multinivel. Los resultados del análisis realizado a través de modelos lineales jerárquicos demostraron que la actividad física a nivel diurno en el hogar y la socialización digital alivian significativamente el afecto negativo diario y se asocia positivamente con el nivel diario de afecto positivo y los niveles de felicidad de los encuestados. Estos resultados fueron controlados por variables demográficas, extraversión y resiliencia psicológica. La extraversión fue negativa y la resiliencia psicológica se relacionó positivamente con el nivel diario de afecto negativo. Study aims to analyze the effects of indoor activities such as physical exercise, digital socializing and digital gaming on subjective wellbeing levels of individuals. Given the dynamic nature of the pandemic in order to catch the day level within individual variance (along with between individuals variance) study adapts a multilevel approach where days are nested in people. 1950 day level data are collected from 390 respondent for 5 consecutive days during the first phase of pandemic (when there were strict social isolation policies) in Turkey. Results for partitioning variance components supported the necessity for using a multilevel approach. Findings of analysis conducted though hierarchical linear modeling demonstrated that day level physical activity at home and digital socializing significantly alleviate daily negative affect and positively associates with day level positive affect and happiness levels of respondents. These results were controlled for demographic variables, extraversion and psychological resiliency. Extraversion was negatively and psychological resiliency was positively related to day level negative affect.

Influence of Sex Differences in Leaders' Behavior

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Moss ◽  
John E. Barbuto ◽  
Gina S. Matkin ◽  
Tzu-Yun Chin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Influence Tactics ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Influence Strategies ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Downward Influence ◽  
Age Range

Sex differences in influence tactics were examined with a sample of 269 followers (67 men, 202 women) at a large midwestern national insurance company who rated the downward influence tactics used by their direct supervisors. Downward influence tactics are behaviors used by leaders to gain compliance from followers. One department within the organization was identified as a source for participants in the study. Participation was voluntary. The age range for the sample was 21 to 65 years, with the largest percentage falling in the 40–49 year range ( M = 3.8, SD = .8). Hierarchical linear modeling procedures were utilized to analyze the multiple level data (leader and follower) and to examine variables within the organization at different levels of analysis. Leader participants were asked to solicit their followers to complete an influence tactic measure, which consisted of the most reliable subscales taken from the Influence Behavior Questionnaire, Schriesheim and Hinkin Influence Measure, and the Profiles of Organizational Influence Strategies. The integrated measure resulted in a 45-item scale. It was hypothesized that, overall, followers would report that male leaders would use hard influence tactics more frequently than female leaders. On the other hand, followers would report that female leaders would use soft influence tactics more frequently than male leaders. When differentiating followers by sex, however, we expected that male followers would report more than female followers that their leaders use hard tactics more frequently. Also, we expected that female followers would report (more than male followers) that their leaders use soft tactics more frequently. Overall, followers reported that male leaders used significantly more personal appeal and consultation, so called “soft tactics,” with their followers than did female leaders. Female followers reported that their leaders (both male and female) used consultation and inspirational appeal more frequently. In contrast, male followers reported that their leaders used exchange, so called “hard tactics,” more frequently.

Emotion–performance relationships in team sport: The role of personal and social identities

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickaël Campo ◽  
Guillaume Martinent ◽  
Julien Pellet ◽  
Jérémie Boulanger ◽  
Benoit Louvet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Identity Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Performance

In the field of emotion–performance relationship in achievement situations, the social dimensions of emotions have been understudied. Thus, recent advances highlighted the need to explore identity processes to know whether group belonging may influence individuals’ emotions and performance when they are involved in a task-group. The current study introduced an innovative approach to continuously capture the variability of emotions (pleasant and unpleasant), identity levels (personal and social) and performances (individual and collective) experienced during volleyball games. Six elite players ( M = 20.14 years; SD = 1.25) volunteered to participate in this research. For the purpose of this study, a program based on the Mouse Paradigm methodological approach was elaborated. A total of 9461 momentary assessments ( M = 1576.83 ± 94.38 per participant) was gathered for each of the aforementioned variables. Results of hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed a partial independence between social and personal identity, as well as an effect of identity levels on unpleasant emotions. Results also highlighted that neither identity levels nor emotions influenced individual performances. Taken together, these results were discussed in terms of theoretical and methodological advances that allow to deepen the understanding of emotions–performance relationships in the context of team-sports.

Assessing and Comparing the Short-Term Effects of TPB Only and TPB plus Implementation Intentions Interventions on Snacking Behavior in Iranian Adolescent Girls: A Cluster Randomized Trial

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Karimi-Shahanjarini ◽  
Arash Rashidian ◽  
Nasrin Omidvar ◽  
Reza Majdzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cluster Randomized ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks ◽  
Short Term Effects

Purpose. The evidence for the effectiveness of theory of planned behavior (TPB)–based interventions is mixed. There is also mixed evidence on the effectiveness of adding implementation intentions to TPB-based interventions. In this study we assessed and compared the short-term effects of TPB-only intervention and TPB plus implementation intentions intervention on snacking behavior and intention to consume unhealthy snacks in Iranian adolescent girls. Design. Three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Setting. Ten middle schools in Tehran (Iran). Subjects. A total of 29 classes included 739 female adolescents (age range: 12–15 years). Intervention. Two brief interventions including TPB-only intervention and TPB plus implementation intentions intervention. Measures. Food frequency questionnaire and intentions at baseline, 10 days, and 3 months measuring snacking behavior and cognitions about unhealthy snack consumption, respectively. Analysis. Hierarchical linear modeling to assess the interventions' effects. Results. Both interventions successfully decreased intention to consume and consumption of unhealthy snacks at postintervention. Calculation of the effect sizes revealed that the TPB plus implementation intentions intervention was more effective than the TPB-only intervention. The effects remained significant at 3-month follow-up in the TPB plus implementation intentions intervention group only, although the effect size decreased. Conclusion. Overall, the study suggests that adding implementation intentions on top of TPB-based persuasive messages improves effectiveness and sustainability of desirable changes.

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