After Janus What Comes Next? Possible Solutions to the Free-Rider Problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale D. Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Labor Policy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Union Representation

The Supreme Court’s decision in Janus v. AFSCME overrules a forty-year precedent, Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, which required nonmembers to pay their “fair share” of the costs of union representation. Janus represents a broader attack on unions, and the entire National Labor Policy of free collective bargaining designed to promote labor relations stability and ameliorate economic inequality. But as is characteristic of twenty-first century anti-union ideology, when elevated to constitutional law, it creates opportunities for labor unions and a broader coalition of workers, activists, and their natural allies. This article explores post- Janus legal, legislative, and organizational options for labor and, in particular, ways for unions to address the “free-rider” problem.

Union Responses to Workforce Feminization in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Milkman
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large Female ◽  
National Labor Relations Board ◽  
Union Representation ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter examines how labor unions responded to workforce feminization that began in the 1970s. It first places the relationship of women to unions in historical perspective before analyzing empirical data on inter-union variations in the extent of women's representation in union membership and leadership in the late twentieth century, as well as variations in the extent and nature of attention to “women's issues” on the part of unions. It then explores the dynamics of union organizing in the 1980s, showing that workplaces with large female majorities were the most readily organized in that period—as measured by the probability of winning National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) union representation elections. It also considers the growing commitment of some unions in the 1970s and 1980s to gender equality issues and to incorporating women into positions of leadership. Finally, it discusses the innovative gender politics that has emerged in unions least constrained by the forces of deunionization or patriarchal traditions.

How do Optimistic Individuals Affect Insurance Advertisements?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Fujii ◽  
Michiko Ogaku ◽  
Mahito Okura ◽  
Yusuke Osaki
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Level ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Accident Probability ◽  
Insurance Firms ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Accident Probabilities ◽  
Equilibrium Number

AbstractSome people have optimistic expectations regarding their accident probability, and thus, refrain from purchasing adequate insurance. This study investigates how insurance firms use advertisements to lower the ratio of optimistic individuals in the market. The main results are as follows: first, the optimal level of advertisements is maximized when the insurance premium is moderate. Second, the maximum level of advertisement varies according to the degree of optimism, which is measured by the difference between accurate and optimistic accident probabilities. Third, the advertisement decision is affected by the free-rider problem, and the equilibrium number of insurance firms with advertisement is always larger than that of firms without advertisement in a competitive insurance market.

The Free-Rider Problem: A Survey

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN McMILLAN
Keyword(s):  
Free Rider ◽  
Free Rider Problem

The Battle over Patents

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Free Rider ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
Patent Systems

Do patents facilitate or frustrate innovation? Lawyers, economists, and politicians who have staked out strong positions in this debate often attempt to validate their claims by invoking the historical record—but they typically get the history wrong. The purpose of this book is to get the history right by showing that patent systems are the product of contending interests at different points in production chains battling over economic surplus. The larger the potential surplus, the more extreme are the efforts of contending parties, now and in the past, to search out, generate, and exploit any and all sources of friction. Patent systems, as human creations, are therefore necessarily ridden with imperfections; nirvana is not on the menu. The most interesting intellectual issue is not how patent systems are imperfect, but why historically US-style patent systems have come to dominate all other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The answer offered by the essays in this volume is that they create a temporary property right that can be traded in a market, thereby facilitating a productive division of labor and making it possible for firms to transfer technological knowledge to one another by overcoming the free-rider problem. Precisely because the value of a patent does not inhere in the award itself but rather in the market value of the resulting property right, patent systems foster a decentralized ecology of inventors and firms that ceaselessly extends the frontiers of what is economically possible.

Labor and Development in Twenty-first-Century Latin America: Two Political Options

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Laura Carla Moisá Elicabide ◽  
Jana K. Silverman ◽  
María Piñón Pereira Dias
Keyword(s):  
State Intervention ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
Labor Policy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
The Pacific

An analysis of the results of social and labor policy in two Southern Cone countries (Uruguay and Brazil) and two members of the Pacific Alliance (Mexico and Colombia) between 2000 and 2012 focused on minimum wage policy, state intervention in labor market regulation and supervision, and relations between governments and social and political actors, especially unions, indicates that, in contrast to the situation in the progressive countries, the neoliberal policies adopted by Mexico and Colombia maintained social divisions instead of reducing them in this period. Un análisis de los resultados de la política social y laboral en dos países del Cono Sur (Uruguay y Brasil) y dos miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico (México y Colombia) entre 2000 y 2012 enfocado en la política de salario mínimo, intervención estatal en regulación y supervisión del mercado laboral, y las relaciones entre los gobiernos y los actores sociales y políticos, especialmente los sindicatos, indica que, a diferencia de la situación en los países progresistas, las políticas neoliberales adoptadas por México y Colombia mantuvieron las divisiones sociales en lugar de reducirlas en este período.

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