Exceptions to Mutual Trust: Children's Use of Second-Order Beliefs in Responsibility Attribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Yuill ◽  
Josef Perner
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Interaction ◽  
Road User ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Children of 6 to 9 years and adults judged a story protagonist's degree of blame for a traffic accident. All stories depicted a collision between a protagonist, who had the right of way, and another road user. Stories differed, however, in protagonist's second-order belief about the other road-user's knowledge. For instance, in one story, the protagonist mistakenly thought that the other had noticed her coming and that she could therefore rely on him abiding by the priority rule (principle of mutual trust) and grant her the right of way. This story contrasted with one where the protagonist knew that the other had not seen her and so was not justified in claiming priority. Most 7 and 8-year-old children understood the difference in second-order belief and about half of them were also able to make the correct responsibility attribution that the mistaken protagonist, thinking the other character knew, was less to blame for the accident than the one who knew about the other's ignorance. By 9 years, almost all children understood second-order beliefs and three-quarters were also able to make the correct responsibility attribution. The application of second-order beliefs to the principle of mutual trust is discussed in relation to communication failures and cooperative interaction.

Motorists' Understanding of Automated Flagger Assistance Devices in Work Zones

2013 ◽  
Vol 2337 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada D. Trout ◽  
Melisa D. Finley ◽  
Brooke R. Ullman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Vehicular Traffic ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Work Zones ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Texas Department ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Automated flagger assistance devices (AFADs) are designed to be operated remotely by a flagger positioned outside the travel lanes and thus to reduce their exposure to vehicular traffic. There are two types of AFADs: one type uses a remote-controlled stop and slow sign to alternate the right-of-way and the other uses remote-controlled red and yellow lenses to alternate the right-of-way. A gate arm is required only with the latter. Although AFADs may have increased the safety of flaggers, there were concerns that motorists might have misunderstood AFADs and proceeded before it had been safe to do so. As part of a recent Texas Department of Transportation project, Texas A&M Transportation Institute researchers conducted surveys to assess motorists' understanding of both types of AFADs. For the stop–slow AFAD, a newly designed “Wait on Stop–Go on Slow” symbol sign resulted in the highest percentage of participants who understood that they should stop and remain stopped until the AFAD indicated that it was safe to proceed. However, for all of the stop–slow AFAD treatments, a portion of the participants indicated that they would have stopped and then proceeded instead of waiting until the AFAD displayed the slow sign. Thus researchers recommend that a gate arm be required with stop–slow AFADs. For the red–yellow lens AFAD, participants understood the stop phase. However, there was evidence of a lack of understanding of the difference between the proceed and transition phases. Even so, the use of the gate arm appeared to inform motorists when to proceed and when to stop.

scholarly journals Midwifery matters: resilience and subjective wellbeing of midwives

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Caiazzo ◽  
L Kundisowa ◽  
G Bocci ◽  
N Vonci ◽  
L Alaimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction Resilience is the ability to resist, cope with life positively after suffering a negative event. Midwifery has been defined as ’emotionally demanding’; midwives with an higher levels of resilience experience higher levels of subjective well-being (SWB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between resilience and SWB amongst midwives. Materials and methods Data were collected using a questionnaire, distributed between September 2018-January 2019 in hospitals in the Tuscany region (Italy). For evaluation of SWB, we used OECD scale (2013) evaluating three items: actual happiness (AH); emotive wellbeing (BE) composed of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) and life satisfaction (LS). Also, job satisfaction (JS) was evaluated. Resilience (RS) was evaluated using the Italian version of the Resilience Scale by Wagnild and Young. All items were expressed on the Likert scale, statistical analysis was performed with Minitab 18. Results In total 123 questionnaires were analyzed. The average scores were: AH: 6.9±1.8; BE: 5.9±1.6; PA: 6.0±1.8; NA: 4.2±2.1; LS: 7.1±1.6; JS: 6.5 ± 2.4. Average R was 130.3±18.1. RS was correlated (p < 0.001) to AH (Coef=0.4), PA (Coef=0.4), BE (Coef=0.3) e LS (Coef=0.4). The sample was divided into three groups according to RS: low (LR)<116, medium (MR):116-139 and high (HR) ≥140. MR represented 44%, followed by HR (35%). AH, PA, BE values were significantly higher in the HR group (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001). For NA the highest values were observed in the LR group, but the difference was not significant. LS resulted significantly lower in LR group (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001) and JS was significantly higher in medium resilience group in confrontation to other two groups (ANOVA; Tukey; p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results confirmed, that the higher levels of RS influenced positively almost all components of SWB (AH, PA, BE, LS). On the other hand to achieve a higher level of JS the level of RS should not be nor too high, nor too low. Key messages Midwifery has been defined as ’emotionally demanding’, higher levels of resilience influenced positively almost all components of subjective wellbeing. The medium resilience was correlated to higher level of job satisfaction.

VALUES OF MORTGAGES WITH TOP-UP PAYMENT OPTIONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 09 (05) ◽  
pp. 801-824
Author(s):  
ROSE NENG LAI ◽  
SEOW ENG ONG ◽  
TIEN FOO SING
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contingent Claim ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Put Option ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Early Default ◽  
Mortgage Contract

The right of lenders to request for top-ups of negative equity when the property value falls below the loan outstanding is a little known, yet widely adopted provision in mortgage documents in many Asian markets. We analyze the effect of the top-up option by appealing to a contingent claim framework. Specifically, we model the top-up option as a synthetic option comprising a long put to request for a top-up, a short put that cancels out the first option in the event of a default, and a binary put option once triggered will yield a value equivalent to the difference between the mortgage outstanding and the property value. The results of comparative analyses show that the lender's right to request for top-ups is valuable when the negative mortgage equity increases, especially in a market where price is highly volatile. The top-up clause fundamentally affects the mortgage values for both the borrower and the lender. We show that lender's inaction by not calling for top-ups when negative mortgage equity occurs is suboptimal. On the other hand, the lenders' exercise of the in-the-money top-up options may lead to early default by the mortgagor. This is one of the reasons why lenders exercise this option only very sparingly in practice. This mortgage design has economic value to the lenders, it is, however, not optimal in time of volatile market. The policy implication of the findings is that the sub-optimal top-up feature should be removed from the mortgage contract, and it will not severely jeopardize the lender's ability to enforce payments in the mortgages.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF EXPRESSION PLATFORM: CHERRY PICKING THE ‘RIGHT’ TO ACCOMPLISH THE ‘BEST

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-165
Author(s):  
Shailendra Gaur ◽  
Kinjal Bhadresha ◽  
Baldev Patel ◽  
Meenu Saraf ◽  
Rakesh Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Cho Cells ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transcription System ◽  
Mammalian Expression ◽  
Expression Platform ◽  
Active Transcription ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Mounting demands for biosimilars and continuous emphasis on cost reduction of drugs have motivated researchers across the globe to widen the horizon of screening in CHO cells based bio-production. Various groups have exploited multiple phenomena in CHO cells for better expression and improved quality of therapeutic protein, for example use of transposons, regulatory elements, engineering of cell lines for site specific integrations or knock-in/knockout models to achieve the desired results. The current study presents the data for evaluation of three mammalian expression platforms available in market having three different approaches for improving productivity. One, the MTX based platforms for gene amplification, GS knock-down based selectionsystem and UCOE based active transcription system. To evaluate the platforms stringently, stable pools of both mAb and non-mAb molecules were accessed. Our results suggested that UCOE based platform have performed exceedingly well in monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression in comparison to the other two platforms. Whereas, for non mAb molecules, UCOE based platform was comparable to other two platforms. On evaluating all the molecules, CHOGS (-) system was found least productive as compared to the other two platforms in almost all cases.

scholarly journals The role of focus marking in disjunctive questions: A QUD-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Morwenna Hoeks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Congruence Condition ◽  
Contrastive Topic ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Alternative Questions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Focus Marking

Disjunctive questions are ambiguous: they can either be interpreted as polar questions (PolQs), as open disjunctive questions (OpenQs), or as closed alternative questions (ClosedQ). The goal of this paper is to show that the difference in interpretation between these questions can be derived via effects of focus marking directly. In doing so, the proposal brings out the striking parallel between the prosody of questions with foci/contrastive topics on the one hand and that of alternative questions on the other. Unlike previous approaches, this proposal does not rely on structural differences between AltQs and PolQs derived via ellipsis or syntactic movement. To show how this works out, an account of focus and contrastive topic marking in questions is put forward in which f-marking in questions determines what constitutes a possible answer by signaling what the speaker's QUD is like. By imposing a congruence condition between f-marked questions and their answers that requires answers to resolve the question itself as well as its signaled QUD, we predict the right answerhood conditions for disjunctive questions.

scholarly journals Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Yash Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distributed Morphology ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Morphology Analysis ◽  
Adjectival Inflection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection.  I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.

scholarly journals On a botanical analogy in modern theory of society

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-145
Author(s):  
Predrag Krstic
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Given ◽  
Urgent Necessity

The author, first of all, undertakes to perceive and analyze the role that the metaphor of 'root' plays, as well as the discourse connected with it - 'rooted', 'root out' and so on - in order to examine the functioning of botanical metaphors in modern political theory. Ideological duality is here shown as, in equal measure but in different ways, fixed to the idea of the root of human existence or of the well ordered society - and an image of a tree in blossom, if it has grown out of this condition - in which it is a privileged possession, giving the right to 'radical' actions. The difference is found where one group advocates unconditional nurturing of the given root and the other one urgent necessity of replacing it with new one. As a conclusion, it is suggested that the abandoning of the floral metaphor could not only open up space for reasonable dispute about the questions that it was believed to answer, but also that this kind of retreat from the fascination with root could really be - radical.

scholarly journals Drawing as a Periphery in Architectural Learning

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Leonor ◽  
◽  
Madeira Rodrigues ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
The Family ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Way

The conquest of a dominant place over the members of the same race, with the result of using the power such a place allows and having the acceptance of the other members for being the leaders is a characteristic of the adult relationship between almost all animal species. The former time of childhood was dedicated to the imitation of the adults and to the experimenting of behaviors, or, in other words, learning and playing. Humberto Maturama believes that humans are, in behavioral tenns, an exception, as the time of childhood is extended throughout most adult life, which defines us humans as a neotenic race, and with the use of other behaviors, we have transformed what is the usual master/slave relation of adult members from other races. Like this, the family in the way we live it, becomes a human-invented structure that implies relationships between its members which are bounded by mutual trust and love. Mutatis mutandis we spend our life repeating relationships that use the same pattern. In this way, love would be the main engine of evolution and also our greatest invention.

Predict

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam Shroff
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Future ◽  
Scientific Mind ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Hand Image

‘Predicting the future’—the stuff of dreams one might imagine; the province of astrologers and soothsayers, surely. Perhaps not, the scientific mind might retort: after all, is it not the job of science to discover laws of nature, and thereby make precise, verifiable predictions about the future? But what if we were to claim that prediction is neither fanciful nor difficult, and not even rare. Rather, it is commonplace; something that we all accomplish each and every moment of our lives. Some readers may recall the popular video game, pong, where the goal is to ‘keep the puck in play’ using an electronic paddle. Figure 2 shows images of two different pong games in progress. In addition to the paddle and puck, the players’ eye gaze is also being tracked. The image on the left shows the player’s eyes tracking the puck itself. On the other hand, in the right-hand image, the player is already looking at a point where she expects the puck to travel to. The player on the left is reactive; she simply tracks the puck, and as the game gets faster, she eventually misses. The right player, in contrast, is able to predict where the puck will be, and most of the time she gets it right. Further, we often see her eyes dart faster than the puck to multiple regions of the field as she appears to recalculate her prediction continuously. What kind of player do you think you are? As it happens, almost all of us are predictive players. Even if we have never played pong before, we rapidly begin predicting the puck’s trajectory after even a few minutes of playing. The ‘reactive player’ in this experiment was in fact autistic, which apparently affected the person’s ability to make predictions about the puck’s trajectory. (The neurological causes of autism are still not well known or agreed upon; the recent research from which the images in Figure 2 are taken represent new results that might shed some more lightonthisdebilitatingcondition.) So it appears that prediction, as exhibited by most pong players, is far from being a rare and unusual ability. It is in fact a part and parcel of our everyday lives, and is present, to varying degrees, in all conscious life.

Structure and Tc of La1−xYbxBa2Cu3O7-y Layered Perovskite Superconductors

1987 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jiang ◽  
S. M. Green ◽  
YU Mei ◽  
H. L. Luo ◽  
C. Politis
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Layered Perovskite ◽  
Superconducting Transition ◽  
Trivalent State ◽  
Layered Perovskite Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tetravalent State

After the discovery of YBa2Cu3O7-y with an unusually high superconducting transition temperature (Tc), around 95 K [1], similar compounds were made by completely replacing Y by the other rare-earth elements. It was found that RBa2Cu3O7-y (RBCO; R = rare-earth) possessed the same orthorhombically distorted layered perovskite structure and virtually the same Tc for almost all R [2–8]. The exceptions are compounds with R = Ce, Pr and Tb. The stable tetravalent state of these three R elements, as contrasted with the stable trivalent state of the other R elements, may be the reason behind this problem [9]. But there are also problems in producing single-phase, high Tc samples with La, Yb and Lu substitutes [10–12]. One of the reasons for this may be the size of these R ions: the difference between their radii and that of Y3+ is comparably large. Here we present the results of our systematic study of the structure and transport properties of the series of compounds La1−xYbxBCO (0.05 ≤ × ≤ 0.95).

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