Women's Nonmarket Labor

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEANNE WIELAGE SMITH ◽  
ELIZABETH SMITH BENINGER
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Family Management ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Earning Power

Recent divorce law reforms have resulted in reduced spousal support payments of limited duration as attorneys and judges focus on equal treatment of spouses. Traditional family patterns persist, however, leaving husbands and wives in unequal positions to support themselves at divorce. Couples in long-term marriages maintain established roles and younger couples continue to choose the traditional division of labor. Wives invest in their husbands' careers by engaging in full- or part-time housekeeping and child care. Women's discontinuous labor force participation leads to skill depreciation and loss of seniority, accompanied by decreased earning power. Equal treatment at divorce requires that wives be compensated for the opportunity cost of these years spent in nonmarket labor. Family economists are encouraged to further develop formulas for opportunity cost calculation. Specialists in family management and relations are challenged to initiate programs to help couples in the process of assessing long-term effects of the allocation of human resources. Judges and attorneys are urged to recognize the economic value of wives' career opportunity cost and to develop divorce settlements that compensate women for their decreased earning power.

scholarly journals The Economic Value of Non-Professional: A Europe-Wide Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz María Peña-Longobardo ◽  
Juan Oliva-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Policies ◽  
Professional Care

Background: This paper had two aims. Firstly, to provide a broader view of the profile of non-professional caregivers in Europe, and secondly, to estimate the economic value of the non-professional caregiving. Methods: The European Quality of Life Survey 2016/17, carried out by Eurofound, was used. The target population of the survey was adults who care for a relative or friend in a total of 33 European countries. The opportunity cost method was used to estimate the economic value of caregiving, in which two of the activities forgone were analysed: paid activities (restricted to caregivers who were employed), for which the average gross wage of each country was used; and unpaid activities, for which the minimum gross wage of each country was used. Results: There were more than 76 million non-professional caregivers in Europe that provides care for a relative or friend. This figure represents 12.7% of the population in Europe. The estimated time devoted to non-professional care in Europe reached 72,301.5 million hours in 2016. Sharp differences were found among countries. The economic value of that time is estimated at 576,000 million of euros, which represented about 3.63% of Europe’s GDP. Conclusions: This study show the very important number of resources dedicated to the non-professional care of dependent people and their economic valuation. These results may be helpful in prospective analyzes estimating future needs on professional and non-professional and for designing of long-term care policies in Europe.

scholarly journals The long-term effect of economic value added adoption on the firm’s business decision

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-513
Author(s):  
Cherif Guermat ◽  
Ismail U. Misirlioglu ◽  
Ahmed M. Al-Omush
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Shareholder Wealth ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Economic Value Added ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Business Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results

Purpose This study aims to examine the long-term effects of adopting economic value added (EVA) as a compensation tool on managers’ behaviour. Design/methodology/approach The authors extend the sample used in prior studies both in the time and the cross-section dimensions. Findings The study conclusions are distinct from those offered by existing studies. The authors show that EVA adopters, relative to non-EVA adopters, increase the working capital cycle, use their assets less intensively and decrease their payouts to shareholders via a decrease in dividends and share repurchases. In investing decisions, the authors find a decrease in new investments, but no change in asset dispositions after the adoption of EVA compensation plans. Originality/value The study results highlight that the EVA adoption provides more incentives to reduce the total cost for capital rather than increasing operations and maximising shareholder wealth. The results also have implication for corporate management, particularly in the area of management compensation scheme design.

scholarly journals Freelancers as Part-time Employees: Dimensions of FVP and FJS in E-Lancing Platforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-60
Author(s):  
Zubair Nawaz ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Rafiq Mansoor ◽  
Saba Hafeez ◽  
Aboobucker Ilmudeen
Keyword(s):  
Time Management ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Role Clarity ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Open Coding ◽  
Axial Coding ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach

The purpose of this study is to explore the dimensions of Freelancer Value Proposition (FVP) and Freelancer Job Stress (FJS). This study provides insights about the factors which create value for freelancers and also sheds light on the factors which cause stress to freelancers while freelancing with the help of an online platform. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection from freelancers. The grounded theory approach was used and data analysis follows the process of open coding, axial coding and themes formulation. Findings indicate that work-life balance value, developmental value, economic value, autonomy value, hedonistic value and social value are dimensions of FVP. Lack of role clarity, payment issues, time management issue, work availability issue, lack of perks and benefits and work rejections are dimensions of FJS. This study is the first effort to find out the dimensions of FVP and FJS, which will help to construct long-term relationship between freelancers and platform.

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Peach Production Systems for Standard and Pillar Growth Types on Yield and Economic Parameters

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
T. Tworkoski ◽  
R. Scorza ◽  
S.S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Growth Types

The lack of dwarfing rootstocks for peach has led to cultural and genetic approaches that reduce tree size and vegetative growth to establish high-density plantings. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the interactions of pruning strategies, groundcover management, tree densities, and peach (Prunus persica) architecture combined in eight peach production systems on components of yield and economic value. The use of sod management reduced pruning time and costs, but the reduction of crop load reduced net return. High-density plantings in large vegetation-free areas (VFAs) had greater economic return than low-density plantings.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

Long-Term Effects of Head Lice Tx Unknown

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
MITCHEL L. ZOLER
Keyword(s):  
Head Lice ◽  
Long Term Effects

The response of skin perfusion and of rheological and immunological variables to intravenous prostanoid administration in Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary to collagenosis

VASA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drinda ◽  
Neumann ◽  
Pöhlmann ◽  
Vogelsang ◽  
Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Raynaud’S Phenomenon ◽  
Raynaud's Phenomenon ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Erythrocyte Aggregation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry

Background: Prostanoids are used in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon and acral perfusion disorders secondary to collagenosis. In subjective terms, intravenous administration of these agents produces success in more than 50% of patients. The therapeutic outcome of clinical administration of alprostadil or iloprost may vary from individual to individual. Patients and methods: The following variables were analysed in a cross-over study in 27 patients with collagenosis and Raynaud’s phenomenon: plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation (rheological variables), partial pressure of oxygen and laser Doppler flowmetry in the finger region, and lymphocyte phenotyping and interleukin (IL) determinations (immunological variables). Results: Laser Doppler flowmetry revealed significant differences between patients with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon and a control group of 25 healthy subjects. Laser Doppler readings did not change significantly as a result of the treatments. Therapy with iloprost produced a reduction in IL-1beta, L-selectin (CD 62 L) and IL-6. Conclusion: The change in immunological variables due to iloprost may explain the long-term effects of prostaglandins in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. From our results it is not possible to infer any preference for iloprost or alprostadil.

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