scholarly journals Gender Differences in Identities and Their Sociostructural Correlates: How Gendered Lives Shape Parental and Work Identities

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (13) ◽  
pp. 1852-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Gaunt ◽  
Jacqueline Scott
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Work Identity ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Identity Centrality ◽  
Parental Identity ◽  
Moderating Role

This study draws on identity theory to explore parental and work identities. It examined gender differences in identities, as well as the moderating role of gender in the effects of individuals’ sociostructural characteristics. A sample of 148 couples with young children completed extensive questionnaires. As hypothesized, couples’ paid-work strategy moderated gender differences in the salience and centrality of parental and work identities. Whereas significant differences in identities were found between stay-at-home mothers and their breadwinning husbands, no differences were found among dual-earner couples. Moreover, men’s work identity centrality increased when they had more and younger children, whereas women’s work identity centrality decreased. Finally, men’s parental identity centrality increased with their income, whereas women’s parental identity centrality decreased the more they earned. These findings attest to the importance of examining differences within as well as between genders, by taking into account the interactive effects of gender with other sociostructural characteristics.

Gender differences in insomnia and the role of paid work and family responsibilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Yoshioka ◽  
Yasuaki Saijo ◽  
Toshiko Kita ◽  
Hiroki Satoh ◽  
Mariko Kawaharada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Family Responsibilities

scholarly journals Association of screen time with long-term stress and temperament in preschoolers: results from the DAGIS study

2020 ◽  
Vol 179 (11) ◽  
pp. 1805-1812
Author(s):  
Marja H. Leppänen ◽  
Katri Sääksjärvi ◽  
Henna Vepsäläinen ◽  
Carola Ray ◽  
Pauliina Hiltunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Screen time is increasing rapidly in young children. The aim of this study was to examine associations of long-term stress and temperament with screen time in Finnish preschool children and the moderating role of socioeconomic status. Cross-sectional DAGIS data were utilized. Long-term stress was assessed using hair cortisol concentration, indicating values of the past 2 months. Temperament was reported by the parents using the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (the Very Short Form), and three broad temperament dimensions were constructed: surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control. Screen time was reported by the parents over 7 days. The highest education level in the household was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status. In total, 779 children (mean age, 4.7 ± 0.9 years, 52% boys) were included in the study. Of the temperament dimensions, a higher effortful control was associated with less screen time (B = − 6.70, p = 0.002). There was no evidence for an association between hair cortisol concentration and screen time nor a moderating role of socioeconomic status in the associations (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that preschool children with a higher score in effortful control had less screen time. Because effortful control reflects general self-regulatory abilities, promoting these skills may be effective in reducing screen time in young children. What is Known: • Screen time has increased rapidly during the last decades, and higher screen time has been linked with numerous adverse health consequences in children. • There are no previous studies investigating associations of long-term stress and temperament with screen time in young children. What is New: • Of the temperament dimensions, effortful control was associated with higher screen time in preschool children, but there was no association found between long-term stress and screen time. • Since effortful control reflects general self-regulatory abilities, promoting these skills may be effective in reducing screen time in young children.

Women's Work: The Role of Grandparents in Inter-Generational Transfers

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Material Support ◽  
Residential Proximity ◽  
City Area ◽  
Financial Organisation

This article surveys the role of grandparents in providing a continuing level of material support in 61 households with dependent children in an inner city area. It concludes that assistance is structured by gender, income level, household financial organisation, residential proximity, need and ideology. In terms of the provision of continuing support to households with young children, grandparents are important but grandmothers give more assistance than grandfathers and they direct it where it is most needed. It is important for grandmothers to have access to paid work. The ideology of assistance is differentiated by class. In professional families the married couple is the unit of transfer but for working class families the solidarity of female relatives, in particular, of daughters and mothers and mothers-in-law, is more important.

scholarly journals The moderating role of anxiety sensitivity in terms of fatigue severity and e-cigarette use expectancies

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532092653
Author(s):  
Kara Manning ◽  
Lorra Garey ◽  
Andres G Viana ◽  
Tanya Smit ◽  
Michael J Zvolensky
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Fatigue Severity ◽  
Positive Expectancies ◽  
Moderating Role

Little is understood about individual difference factors related to e-cigarette expectancies about use. This study examined the interactive effects of fatigue severity and anxiety sensitivity in relation to e-cigarette expectancies among 525 e-cigarette users (51.0% female, Mage = 35.25 years, standard deviation = 10.10). Results indicated a significant interaction between fatigue severity and anxiety sensitivity in terms of positive expectancies ( β = 0.57, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval = (0.002, 0.01)), but not for negative expectancies ( β = 0.25, p = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = (0, 0.005)) for e-cigarette use. These results support anxiety sensitivity as a moderator in the relation between fatigue severity and positive outcome expectancies for e-cigarette use.

CSR types and the moderating role of corporate competence

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 1358-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoye Chen ◽  
Rong Huang ◽  
Zhiyong Yang ◽  
Laurette Dube
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of different types of corporate social responsibility (CSR; i.e. value-creating CSR, promotional CSR and philanthropic CSR) on consumer responses and the moderating role of corporate competence.Design/methodology/approachThe authors tested the hypotheses by using two empirical studies – a survey and an experimental study. The evidence is generated based on generalized linear model repeated-measures ANOVAs for the survey study and two-way factorial ANOVAs for the experimental study.FindingsThe findings show that in general, consumers respond to value-creating CSR more favorably than to philanthropic CSR or promotional CSR. In addition, corporate competence moderates consumers’ responses to different types of CSR in such a way that promotional CSR is more likely to have the desired effects when carried out by low-competency rather than by high-competency firms, whereas value-creating CSR is more effective for high-competency firms than for low-competency ones. Philanthropic CSR works equally in both types of firms.Research limitations/implicationsThis research answers a long-term call to study the differential consumer effects of various CSR types. It also identifies perceived corporate competence, an important consumer-based corporate factor, as a potential moderator of consumers’ response to CSR types.Practical implicationsArmed with the findings, companies can choose CSR practices that fit with their company characteristics. This research offers important and specific managerial implications to firms with different company profiles on their CSR choices.Originality/valueGiven that today’s managers are faced with the challenge of selecting desirable CSR activities from a group of options, the authors answered the call by studying the differential effects of a wide array of CSR choices and provide important practical guidance to managers. For the first time in the literature, the study also investigates the potential interactive effects between specific CSR types and corporate competence on consumer reactions. This inquiry bears significant relevance to the ongoing discussions concerning whether and how company characteristics generate influences on the outcomes of CSR strategies.

Spanish diminutives in mother–child conversations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIGLIANA MELZI ◽  
KENDALL A. KING
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Early Acquisition

The present study examined gender and age patterns of diminutive use in conversations between 32 Spanish-speaking Peruvian mothers and their three- and five-year-old children. Results confirm previous findings concerning both parents' greater use of diminutives with younger children and children's early acquisition of this complex aspect of morphology. However, findings do not support previous studies on gender differences in parental use of diminutives with young children. Results also revealed that mothers' and children's imitations of their interlocutors' diminutized words promoted their interlocutors' overall diminutive use. This finding highlights the acute sensitivity of both speakers to each others' language and the potential role of imitation in older children's language development.

Relationships among Perceived Justice, Customers' Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: The Moderating Role of Gender

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Martínez-Tur ◽  
José Ramos ◽  
José M. Peiró ◽  
Esther García-Buades
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Interactional Justice ◽  
Perceived Justice ◽  
Moderating Role

This article tested the gender differences in the relationships between perceptions of justice, customers' satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The sample consisted of 334 subjects (205 men and 129 women) surveyed in 38 hotels located in Spain. A questionnaire was used to measure distributive, procedural, and interactional justice as well as customers' responses of satisfaction and intentions. Analysis showed that the correlation between scores for distributive justice and customers' satisfaction as well as that between distributive justice and intentions were greater for men than for women. In contrast, the sex differences in the links of procedural and interactional justice to satisfaction and intentions were not significant.

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