Discordance Between Subjective and Objective Measures of Smell and Taste in US Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110183
Author(s):  
Sophie S. Jang ◽  
Janet S. Choi ◽  
James H. Kim ◽  
Natalie Kim ◽  
Elisabeth H. Ference
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Smell Tests

Objective Examine the rates and factors associated with under- and overreporting of subjective changes in smell or taste as compared with objective measures. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014). Methods We examined participants ≥40 years old who completed subjective questionnaires (smell, n = 3510; taste, n = 3089), validated objective 8-odor pocket smell tests, and NaCl/quinine taste tests. Over- and underreporting was determined by the difference in subjective and objective results. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses incorporated sampling weights. Results A majority of participants correctly classified impairment: smell (73.7%; 95% CI, 71.2%-76.1%) and taste (78.3%; 95% CI, 75.6%-80.7%). Age ≥65 years (odds ratio, 2.23; P = .001) was associated with underreporting impairment, and persistent cold symptoms (odds ratio, 2.15; P = .001) were associated with overreporting smell impairment. Smoke, onion, and natural gas scents were incorrectly identified more frequently by individuals aged ≥65 years after Bonferroni correction. No factors were associated with under- and overreporting taste impairment. Conclusion Although the concordance rate between subjective and objective assessment of smell and taste impairment remains high, we found that older age was associated with incorrect report of impairment. This suggests that the subjective perception of smell varies across demographical and clinical factors, and it is important to not overlook such factors in clinical practice. Potentially using a simplified odor assessment regularly in the clinical setting may aid in early detection and intervention.

Objective versus Subjective Outcomes Assessment in Rhinology

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Stewart ◽  
Timothy L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Outcomes Assessment ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Subjective Testing ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subjective Outcomes ◽  
Tomography Scan

Background Prior studies on the relationship between computed tomography scan findings and patient-based quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have found very low correlations. Whereas surprising, similar findings have been noted in other diseases. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the association between objective and subjective findings in nasal septal deformity and a systematic review and synthesis of the literature on CRS and other diseases. Results We found no association between objective anatomic findings and subjective symptoms in nasal obstruction (R = 0.03; Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.97). Multiple studies in CRS and other diseases—sleep apnea, hearing loss, asthma, etc.—have found similarly low correlations between objective and subjective testing. Conclusion For nasal septal deviation and CRS, the patient's subjective perception of disease severity has, at best, a very weak association with objective assessment of severity. Patient-based outcomes assessment remains important; these instruments apparently quantify an aspect of disease not detected by objective testing.

scholarly journals Healthcare provider counselling for weight management behaviours among adults with overweight or obesity: a cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2018

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e039295
Author(s):  
Mary L. Greaney ◽  
Steven A. Cohen ◽  
Furong Xu ◽  
Christie L Ward-Ritacco ◽  
Deborah Riebe
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
National Health ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

ObjectivesTo determine if adults with overweight or obesity received counselling from their healthcare providers (HCPs) to lose weight and/or adopt healthful behaviours associated with weight loss, and whether they took action on their HCPs’ recommendations.DesignCross-sectional analysis of 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data.SampleNHANES respondents aged 18+ who were overweight/obese and had seen an HCP in the previous 12 months (n=13 158).MethodsRespondents reported if their HCPs recommended they control/lose weight, increase exercise/physical activity (PA) and/or reduce fat/calorie intake, and if they adopted the offered recommendation(s). Weighted logistic regression models examined receipt of HCP counselling by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and weight status accounting for demographic characteristics and complex sampling. Similar analyses examined reported adoption of HCPs’ recommendations.ResultsThe sample was 53.1% women, 45.0% were overweight and 55.0% had obesity. In total, 40.4% received counselling to control/lose weight, 49.5% to increase exercise/PA and 38.9% to reduce fat/calorie intake. The following groups were less likely (p<0.001) to receive counselling: men; younger adults (aged 18–39) versus middle-aged (aged 40–64) and older adults (aged 65+); White versus Black and Hispanic respondents; overweight respondents versus respondents with obesity. Approximately half of those advised to make changes reported doing so (53.6% controlled/lost weight, 57.3% increased exercise/PA, 51.8% reduced fat/calorie intake). Differences in the adoption of recommendations were identified by sex, age group, race/ethnicity and weight status (all p<0.05); women, middle-aged and older adults, Black and Hispanic respondents and individuals with obesity were more likely to adopt one or more recommendations.ConclusionMost respondents did not receive HCP counselling, and approximately half of those who received counselling reported taking action. HCPs may need training to provide counselling and to offer recommendations tailored to the social contexts of populations less likely to adopt weight control related recommendations.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Phytoestrogens and the Relationship with Speed of Processing in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES, 1999–2002

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwerdt ◽  
Patterson ◽  
Sliwinski
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Sex hormone changes in adults are known to play a part in aging, including cognitive aging. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens can mimic estrogenic effects on brain function. Since sex hormones differ between genders, it is important to examine gender differences in the phytoestrogen–cognition association. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the relationship between urinary phytoestrogens and speed of processing (SOP) and the variation of the association between genders in older adults. Participants were drawn from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 354 individuals aged 65–85 years old. General linear models (GLMs) were used to test for significant gender differences in the relationship between phytoestrogens and SOP. Results from the GLMs showed significant gender differences in the relationship between genistein and SOP. Higher levels of genistein were associated with better SOP in women. This relationship was reversed in men: higher genistein levels were associated with worse performance. Results indicate that there are distinct gender differences in the relationship between genistein and SOP. These results emphasize the importance of considering gender differences when devising dietary and pharmacologic interventions that target phytoestrogens to improve brain health.

Firm Characteristics, Relative Efficiency, and Equity Returns

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giao X. Nguyen ◽  
Peggy E. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Equity Returns ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Approach ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Firm Efficiency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sectional Analysis

AbstractThis study uses a stochastic frontier approach to evaluate firm efficiency. The resulting efficiency score, based on firm characteristics, is the input for performance evaluation. The portfolio composed of highly efficient firms significantly underperforms the portfolio composed of inefficient firms even after adjustment for firm characteristics and risk factors, suggesting a required premium for the inefficient firms. The difference in performance between the two portfolios remains for at least five years after the portfolio formation year. In addition, firm efficiency exhibits significant explanatory power for average equity returns in cross-sectional analysis.

The Multinomial, Multiattribute Logit Choice Model

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Gensch ◽  
Wilfred W. Recker
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Choice Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multiattribute Choice ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sectional Analysis

The authors argue that for the cross-sectional multiattribute approach to choice modeling, the multinomial logit is theoretically and empirically superior to the more commonly used regression approach. Other choice methodologies also are discussed briefly in relation to logit. The difference between individual level (where regression is appropriate) and cross-sectional analysis is recognized. Most marketing managers, because of their research goals, will be using a cross-sectional approach. The derivation of the logit from an underlying behavioral model of choice is illustrated. It is this underlying behavioral model of choice that provides logit with several conceptual advantages for modeling a multiattribute choice structure.

scholarly journals Automatic Segmentation of Fiber Cross Sections by Dual Thresholding

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 155892501200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wan ◽  
Li Yao ◽  
Bugao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bisection Algorithm ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thresholding Algorithm ◽  
Sectional Analysis

In a microscopic image, fiber cross sections are often surrounded by borders distinctively darker than their bodies and the background. Fiber borders can be utilized to separate cross-sections properly so that accurate fiber shape and size information can be obtained. Hence, locating correct fiber borders is one of the most critical steps in cross-sectional analysis for fiber characterization and identification. This paper introduces a dual-thresholding algorithm that performs automatic fiber border segmentation from noisy cross-sectional images. The dual thresholds include a low threshold calculated based on the histogram of the difference from the average grayscale, and a high threshold computed by a bisection algorithm. With the low threshold, part of fiber border pixels, regarded as seeds, can be reliably located. The seeds can be further expanded by using the high threshold to form complete borders surrounding individual cross-sections. The experimental results show that the dual-thresholding algorithm can obtain cleaner and more fiber borders than other connectional thresholding algorithms, and improves the detection accuracy from 52.78% and 88.88%.

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