Ototoxicity of Kanamycin Sulfate and the Barriers in the Inner Ear

The effect of kanamycin sulfate administered by three routes on the function of the stria vascularis was monitored electrophysiologically in guinea pigs. The three routes were intramuscular injection, perilymphatic perfusion, or endolymphatic perfusion. Neither systemic administration of 500 mg/kg of body weight per day for 7 to 12 days nor perilymphatic perfusion of 10-3 M kanamycin affected the endocochlear dc potential (EP). However, with perfusion of kanamycin 10-3 in the endolymphatic space, the EP declined severely. Moreover, the decline in the EP was greater with higher concentrations of kanamycin in the endolymphatic perfusate. Furosemide given by each of the three routes produced an approximately equal decrease in the EP. The effects of kanamycin on the cells of the stria vascularis and the evidence for the perilymphatic-endolymphatic and blood-cochlear barriers are discussed.

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Drug Permeability of the Endolymphatic SAC

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348948709600412 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 96 (4) ◽

pp. 411-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hideo Yamane ◽

Yoshiaki Nakai ◽

Masao Sugiyama ◽

Kazuo Konishi ◽

Kenichi Takahashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Therapy ◽

Inner Ear ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Endolymphatic Sac ◽

Epithelial Layer ◽

Drug Permeability ◽

Kanamycin Sulfate ◽

Subepithelial Layer

Intravenously injected kanamycin sulfate (KM) was located in the endolymphatic sac (ES) of guinea pigs by an immunohistologic method. Kanamycin sulfate had passed through the capillaries in the subepithelial layer and reached the epithelial layer as early as 1 minute after injection. The amount of KM in the epithelial layer gradually increased with time (until 30 minutes after injection). The KM also accumulated in floating cells in the ES. These results tend to indicate that the ES is rather easily permeable to systemically administered drugs, which readily get into the regional endolymph. In conclusion, much more attention should be paid to the ES and drug ototoxicity associated with drug therapy in the management of patients with inner ear disturbances.

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Experimental Diabetes and the Inner Ear a Proposed Biologic Model

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348947808700120 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 128-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John H. Gladney

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Body Weight ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Inner Ear ◽

Short Duration ◽

Experimental Diabetes ◽

Stria Vascularis ◽

Suitable Animal Model ◽

Cochlear Partition ◽

The Many

Experimental diabetes was induced in 28 healthy chinchillas by the intravenous injection of Streptozotocin.® Five chinchillas were used as controls. It was noted that a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight produced a noninsulin-dependent diabetes in adult chinchillas of mean weights of 393 gm. The chinchilla is proposed as a suitable animal model for the study of experimental diabetes because of the many attributes it possesses. A method of producing experimental diabetes is described. A method of anatomical display was utilized that allowed a detailed longitudinal study of the entire cochlear partition without sacrificing the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane. The study did not yield any new histopathologic data concerning the nature of diabetes in the inner ear. In all likelihood this is, among other things, a factor of the mild severity of diabetes induced and the short duration of this study.

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Effects of Furosemide and Ethacrynic Acid on The Endocochlear Direct Current Potential in Normal and Kanamycin Sulfate-Treated Guinea Pigs

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988008800217 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 188-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Shinichiro Asakuma ◽

James B. Snow

Keyword(s):

Direct Current ◽

Electrical Resistance ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Ethacrynic Acid ◽

Loop Diuretics ◽

Control Group ◽

Kanamycin Sulfate ◽

Dc Potential ◽

Cochlear Partition ◽

Current Potential

The effects of loop diuretics on the endocochlear direct current (DC) potential and the effective electrical resistance of the cochlear partition were studied. The effective electrical resistance was increased, and the endocohlear DC potential was decreased. The decrease in the endocohlear DC potential must not be caused by breaks in the electrical insulation of the cochlear partition. With loop diuretics the endocochlear DC potential decreased less in guinea pigs treated with kanamycin sulfate than it did in the control group. Two interpretations of these phenomena are presented.

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The influence of sex and age on the deposition of L-xyloascorbic acid in tissues of guinea-pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19710065 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 77-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. E. Hughes ◽

P. R. Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Intramuscular Injection ◽

Adrenal Glands ◽

Young Male ◽

Weight Basis ◽

Eye Lens ◽

Male And Female ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Oral Supplements

1. Young male and female guinea-pigs of similar age and male guinea-pigs of various ages were given daily oral supplements of vitamin C (L-xyloascorbic acid) (AA) on a body-weight basis for periods of 10–15 d and the resulting concentration of AA in several organs was determined.2. There was no difference between the sexes in the concentrations of AA in the adrenal glands and spleen. The concentration of AA in the spleen, adrenal glands and eye lens was significantly lower in older animals, and in brain it was significantly higher than the corresponding values for the young guinea-pigs.3. The tissue deposition after oral administration of AA for 10 d was compared with that resulting from intramuscular injection of the same quantity of AA over 10 d in males aged 60 d, males aged 500 d and females aged 500 d. In the 60-d-old guinea-pigs intramuscular injection raised the concentration of AA in the spleen and adrenal glands 35% and 50% respectively above that resulting from oral dosing. In the older guinea-pigs (500 d) the corresponding values were 108% and 127% respectively. It is concluded that reduced gastrointestinal absorption is, at least in part, responsible for the low AA concentrations in certain organs from older guinea-pigs. In the 500-d-old guinea-pigs there was no significant difference between the AA levels in the spleen, adrenals and brain of the two sexes, but AA level in the lens of females was significantly lower than that in males, irrespective of the mode of administration of the AA.

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Effect of Kanamycin Sulfate on the Endocochlear dc Potential of Guinea Pigs

Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.1001/archotol.1979.00790150035009 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 105 (3) ◽

pp. 145-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

S. Asakuma ◽

L. D. Lowry ◽

J. B. Snow

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pigs ◽

Kanamycin Sulfate ◽

Dc Potential

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Effects of Furosemide and Ethacrynic Acid on the Endocochlear Direct Current Potential in Normal and Kanamycin Sulfate-Treated Guinea Pigs

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988008800223 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 188-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Shinichiro Asakuma ◽

James B. Snow

Keyword(s):

Direct Current ◽

Electrical Resistance ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Ethacrynic Acid ◽

Loop Diuretics ◽

Control Group ◽

Kanamycin Sulfate ◽

Dc Potential ◽

Cochlear Partition ◽

Current Potential

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Fibrinolytic Activity in the Inner Ear of Human Beings and Guinea Pigs

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988209000622 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 801-807

Author(s):

Sadami Inoue ◽

Kenzo Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Inner Ear ◽

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Fibrinolytic Activity ◽

Stria Vascularis ◽

Human Beings ◽

Plasminogen Activator Activity ◽

Tissue Plasminogen

Fibrinolytic activity in the inner ear of human beings and guinea pigs was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. It was found that fibrinolytic activity of the stria vascularis was caused by a conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator and was moderate in degree compared with that of other organs in both species. In human beings, endolymph showed higher plasminogen activator activity than that of CSF. Plasminogen activator activity was not detected in either endolymph or perilymph of guinea pigs. Thrombin infusion diminished plasminogen activator activity in the stria vascularis of guinea pigs.

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Immunology of the inner ear: Response of the inner ear to antigen challenge

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459988309100105 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 18-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Jeffrey P. Harris

Keyword(s):

Inner Ear ◽

Blood Brain Barrier ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽

Host Immunity ◽

Brain Barrier ◽

Antigen Challenge ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The relationship of the inner ear to host immunity and the immunoresponsiveness of the inner ear to antigen challenge were investigated. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate antibody titers to keyhole-limpet hemocyanin generated in the serum, perilymph, and CSF of guinea pigs following systemic or inner ear immunizations. The results of these experiments demonstrate (1) the blood-labyrinth barrier is analogous to the blood-brain barrier with respect to immunoglobulin equilibrium, (2) the inner ear is capable of responding to antigen challenge, and (3) the inner ear is an effective route for systemic immunization.

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