Vitamin D3 replacement enhances antigen-specific immunity in older adults

Ageing is associated with increased number of infections, decreased vaccine efficacy and increased systemic inflammation termed inflammageing. These changes are reflected by reduced recall responses to varicella zoster virus (VZV) challenge in the skin of older adults. Vitamin D increases immunoregulatory mechanisms and has the potential to inhibit inflammageing. Since vitamin D deficiency is more common in the old and has been associated with frailty and increased inflammation. Therefore we investigated the use of vitamin D3 replacement to enhance cutaneous antigen-specific immunity in older adults (≥65 years). We showed that that older adults had reduced VZV-specific cutaneous immune response and increased non-specific inflammation as compared to young. Increased non-specific inflammation observed in the skin of older adults negatively correlated with vitamin D sufficiency. Therefore, vitamin D3 replacement was investigated to determine if it could improve VZV-specific cutaneous immune responses in older adults. Vitamin D insufficient older adults (n=18) were administered 6400IU of vitamin D3/day orally for 14 weeks. Antigen-specific immunity to VZV was assessed using transcriptional analysis of skin biopsies collected from challenged injection sites pre- and post-vitamin D3 replacement. We showed that vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased the response to cutaneous VZV antigen challenge in older adults. This enhancement was associated with a reduction in inflammatory monocyte infiltration with a concomitant enhancement of T cell recruitment to the site of antigen challenge in the skin. In conclusion vitamin D3 replacement can boost antigen-specific immunity in older adults with sub-optimal vitamin D status.

Homeopathic treatments modify inflammation but not behavioral response to influenza antigen challenge in BALB/c mice

Background: Influenza affects thousands of people worldwide every year, motivating the development of new therapies. In this work, the effects of two homeopathic preparations (influenza biotherapies and thymulin) were chosen following two different rationales: isotherapy and endo-isotherapy models. The homeopathic effects were evaluated individually considering the inflammatory and behavioral responses against influenza virus antigen were studied in BALB/c mice.Methods: Male adult mice were treated orally and blindly for 21 days with highly diluted influenza virus or with thymulin, and were divided in two sets of experiments. The first series of experiments aimed to describe their behavior, using an open field (OF) device. In the second series, mice were challenged subcutaneously with influenza hemagglutinin antigen (7 μg/200 μl) at day 21. At day 42, behavior and inflammation response were evaluated.Results: No behavioral changes were seen in OF tests at any time point after treatments. Flow cytometry and morphometry revealed significant changes in T and B cell balance after influenza antigen challenge, varying according to treatment.Conclusion: The results show that both homeopathic treatments induced subtle changes in acquired immune anti-viral response regulation. A deeper understanding of the mechanism could elucidate their possible use in influenza epidemiological situations.