scholarly journals A Quantitative Analysis of Female Employment in Senegal

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (241) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Malta ◽  
Angelica Martinez ◽  
Marina Mendes Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Impact

Female-to-male employment in Senegal increased by 14 percentage points between 2006 and 2011. During the same period years of education of the working age population increased 27 percent for females and 13 percent for males, reducing gender gaps in education. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the impact of this increase in education on female employment in Senegal. To that end, we build an overlapping generations model that captures barriers that women face over their life-cycle. Our main findings are: (i) the improvement in years of education can explain up to 44 percent of the observed increased in female-to-male employment ratio and (ii) the rest can be explained by a decline in the discrimination against women in the labor market.

scholarly journals AGING, THE GREAT MODERATION, AND BUSINESS-CYCLE VOLATILITY IN A LIFE-CYCLE MODEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Heer ◽  
Stefan Rohrbacher ◽  
Christian Scharrer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Output Volatility ◽  
Great Moderation ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shaped Pattern

According to empirical studies, the life cycle of labor supply volatility exhibits a U-shaped pattern. This may lead to the conclusion that demographic change induces a drop in output volatility. We present an overlapping-generations model that replicates the empirically observed pattern and study the impact of demographic transition on output volatility. We find that the change in age composition itself has only a marginal influence on output volatility, as the mitigating effect of more individuals with lower labor supply volatilities is compensated for by higher age-specific labor shares. Instead, the driving force behind the Great Moderation in our model is the downward shift of the age-specific labor supply volatility curve.

Pension Reform in Russia: Assessing the Susceptibility of GDP Production to a Shift in the Number of the Working-Age Population

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
T. P. Skufina ◽  
S. V. Baranov
Keyword(s):  
Pension Reform ◽  
Fixed Capital ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Long Term Forecasting ◽  
The Impact

The presented study considers the susceptibility of gross domestic product (GDP) production to a shift in the number of the working-age population due to an increase in retirement age starting with 2019.Aim. The study aims to examine the quantitative assessments of GDP production in Russia with allowance for the changes in the number of the working-age population due to an increase in the actual retirement age.Tasks. The authors forecast the number of the working-age population with allowance for an increase in the retirement age; develop a model to establish a correlation between the number of the workingage population, investment in fixed capital, and GDP production; quantify the impact of the shift in the number of the working-age population on GDP production in Russia. Methods. This study is based on the results of modeling and long-term forecasting.Results. An economic-mathematical model to establish a correlation between the number of the working-age population, investment in fixed capital, and GDP production is presented. To specify the economic effects of a shift in the number of the working-age population due to an increase in the retirement age, Russia’s GDP production is forecasted for the “old” and “new” (increased retirement age) pension scheme. The forecast is provided for three variants of the number of the working-age population.Conclusions. It is found that with the “old” pension scheme with a lower retirement age GDP production across all three variants will decrease by 2036 compared to 2017. With regard to the “new” scheme that increases the retirement age, it is concluded that an increase in the retirement age is a factor that facilitates GDP production. However, its effect on economic growth will be insignificant.

EMPLOYMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE IN THE MODERN LABOR MARKET

2021 ◽  
pp. 409-418
Author(s):  
В.Ю. Бабышев ◽  
Г. А. Барышева
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older People ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Demographic Aging ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Medical Advances ◽  
The Impact

В статье рассматривается занятость лиц пожилого возраста в условиях сорвеменных технологических, медицинских и демографических изменений. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена демографическим старением населения, современными достижениями медицины и изменением характера трудовых операций в результате научно-технического прогресса. В данной статье проверены следующие конкурирующие гипотезы: производительность работников старших возрастных групп находится ниже уровня рентабельности из-за неуклонного ухудшения здоровья или, наоборот, ценность работников старших возрастных групп на современном рынке труда возрастает из-за повышения роли опыта, навыков и квалификации. Дополнительно проанализирован вопрос влияния систем пенсионного обеспечения на мотивацию лиц пожилого возраста к продолжению трудовой деятельности. Для проверки данных гипотез на основе статистики Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития проведен анализ общего уровня занятости, участия в рабочей силе и безработицы, а также временной и неполной занятости по нескольким возрастным группам в диапазоне 15-65 лет и старше. Для оценки динамики проанализирована ситуация на 2000 и 2019 гг. В целом сделан вывод, что количественные и качественные параметры занятости у работников старших возрастных групп уступают среднему рабочему возрасту, однако во временной динамике использование человеческого капитала лиц пожилого возраста растет. В области геронтологии рекомендовано уделять повышенное внимание улучшению здоровья возрастной когорты 65 лет и старше и изменению трудового законодательства в плане стимулирования продолжения трудовой деятельности после официального наступления пенсионного возраста. The article examines the employment of older people in the context of disrupted technological, medical and demographic changes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the demographic aging of the population, modern medical advances and changes in the nature of labor operations as a result of scientific and technological progress. In this article, the following competing hypotheses are tested: the productivity of older workers is below the level of profitability due to a steady decline in health, or vice versa, the value of older workers in the modern labor market is increasing due to the increasing role of experience, skills and qualifications. Additionally, the question of the impact of pension systems on the motivation of older people to continue working is analyzed. To test these hypotheses, based on OECD statistics, we analyzed the overall level of employment, labor force participation and unemployment, as well as temporary and underemployment for several age groups in the range of 15-65+ years. To assess the dynamics, the situation for 2000 and 2019 was analyzed. In general, the author concludes that the quantitative and qualitative parameters of employment of older people are inferior to the average working age, but over time, the use of the human capital of older people is growing. In the field of gerontology, it is recommended to pay increased attention to improving the health of the 65+ age cohort and changing labor legislation in order to stimulate the continuation of work.

scholarly journals The labor potential reproduction in depopulation period of 2019–2035 and the compensating role of migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
A. V. Topilin ◽  
O. D. Vorob’eva ◽  
A. S. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Forecast Period ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Labor Potential

Purpose of the research. To examine the dynamics of reproduction of labor potential and labor supply in Russia for the period up to 2035, depending on the impact factors of its reproduction: generation change (changes in the proportion of cohort, entering and leaving at the age composition of the labor potential), fertility and mortality rates, migration balance in the individual age cohorts.  Materials and methods. The concept of “replacement of generations” is introduced. The coefficient of replacement of generations is developed and its value for labor potential of Russia for the period up to 2035 is calculated. The influence of factors of natural population movement on the dynamics of labor potential is analyzed. The compensating role of the migration factor in the conditions of labor potential reduction is calculated. Russian regions were grouped according to the following criteria: the direction and intensity of changes in the working-age population in 2020–2035 and the proportion of young people aged 0–15 years.  Results.  – There will be the reduction and aging of labor potential during the second stage of depopulation due to demographic factors.  – The decline in the working-age population in the second wave of depopulation is expected to be smaller than in the first wave.  – In Russia there will be a decrease in the replacement of generations in the contingent of people of the working age.  – The growth of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in the forecast period should not be expected, because until 2030 a gradual decrease in the number of women of reproductive age is expected.  – The deepest failure in the population of the working age will be in 2020–2025 accounting for 1.7 million people according to the average variant of the forecast.  – In the forecast period, the labor force in the most productive age of 25–39 years will decrease by 10.5 million people, and the employment rate will decrease from 65.5% to 63.5%.  – Regional features of the formation of demand and supply of labor force in Russia cause the allocation of six homogeneous groups of regions.  – In order to compensate for the losses, it is necessary to increase the migration gain in the average version of ROSSTAT forecast by 2–2.5 times.  Conclusion. To meet the needs of the economy in the labor force in the forecast period, it is necessary to solve two interrelated tasks: compensation for the reduction of labor potential and ensuring the quality of labor potential necessary for the introduction of new technologies and digitalization of the economy. The unfavorable situation with the formation of labor resources is exacerbated by regional imbalances in the distribution of labor potential and differences in its quality across the country. In the future, migration is once again the only source of replenishment of labor potential and replacement of generations, despite the risks of quality losses due to the emigration of highly qualified persons and young people. It is necessary to take measures to increase the compensatory role of migration in the next five – six years. At the same time, migration policy measures should be considered in close conjunction with other measures to stimulate fertility and reduce mortality, ensuring a positive impact on the components of the population growth.  

scholarly journals The impact of green preferences on the relevance of history versus expectations

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-607
Author(s):  
Andreas Schaefer ◽  
Anna Stünzi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Stable Steady State ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Environmental Preferences ◽  
Energy Taxes ◽  
Energy Tax ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn an overlapping generations model with multiple steady states, we analyse the impact of endogenous environmental policies on the relevance of history and expectations for the equilibrium selection. In a polluting regime, environmental preferences cause an increasing energy tax which raises the risk that the economy transitions to the inferior equilibrium under pessimistic expectations. However, higher environmental preferences imply an earlier switch to the clean energy regime. Then, the conflict between production and environmental preferences is resolved and the prospects of selecting the superior equilibrium improve, since positive expectations become more relevant. In an empirical analysis we find that people with environmental preferences tend to have more optimistic expectations about economic development. Using these findings to analyse the steady-state dynamics implies that agents with environmental preferences support higher energy taxes and switch to clean production more quickly. Due to their optimism, the likelihood of reaching the superior stable steady state increases.

scholarly journals Port-of-Entry Neighborhood and Its Effects on the Economic Success of Refugees in Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Andersson ◽  
Sako Musterd ◽  
George Galster
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Instrumental Variable Regression ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
The Impact

We investigate the degree to which the ethnic group composition of “port-of-entry neighborhood” (PoE), the first permanent settlement after immigration, affects the employment prospects of refugees in Sweden during the subsequent 10 years. We use panel data on working-age adults from Iran, Iraq, and Somalia immigrating into Sweden from 1995 to 2004. We control for initial individual and labor market characteristics, use instrumental variable regression to avoid bias from geographic selection, and stratify models by gender and co-ethnic employment and education rates within the neighborhood. We find that the impact of co-ethnic neighbors in the PoE varies dramatically by gender.

scholarly journals ADULT LONGEVITY AND GROWTH TAKEOFF

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daishin Yasui
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Fertility Decisions ◽  
Retirement Decisions ◽  
Positive Effect

This paper develops an overlapping-generations model in which agents make educational and fertility decisions under life-cycle considerations and retirement from work is distinguished from death. Gains in adult longevity induce agents to decrease fertility, invest in education, and achieve higher income in order to save more for retirement. Even if working life is shortened by early retirement, this mechanism works as long as adult longevity increases sufficiently. Our model can explain the positive effect of life expectancy on education without contradicting the fact that working life length has not substantially increased, because of retirement. We also provide new insights into the interaction between fertility and retirement decisions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ageing Population on Economic Growth in South Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
D.K.Y. Abeywardhana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
The South ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The Impact

The share of working age population has declined all over the world. It is forecasted that this will continue for the coming years in all countries in South Asia. Low growth in working age population in South Asia will be effecting negatively for the economic growth. This paper studies whether the South Asia 2050 employment targets would be sufficient to compensate for the downward impact of demographic burden and whether the impact of demography on economic growth differs between South Asian countries. The results show that degreasing working age population is the main challenge the South Asian region faces. Further it shows that growth in GDP mainly depend on the demographic change. Population who contributed the economic development become maturing and dependents of their children. The consumption of the ageing population is very high as of higher spending on healthcare facilities. This effect badly on the economic growth in the region and cause lots of challenges to the nations.

scholarly journals The impact of migration processes on the labor market in the Republic of Moldova

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Valentina Cotelnic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Demographic Aging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Economic transformations in recent years have produced changes in the social structure, as well as profound demographic changes, which have contributed to demographic aging and declining working age populations. Changes in the structure of the population, accompanied by migration have led to a reduction in the number of people employed, as well as to changes in the structure of employment. The study reveals that the socio-economic situation in the country, the imperfect evolution of the labor market, the diffifculty of securing a decent paying job, have put a signififi cant part of the population on the path of labor migration, which for many has become a necessity rather than a choice. At the same time, the remittances transferred in favor of individuals have become the only source of income for many households. All the above issues are current and, therefore, represent the topic of this research. The research was performed using comparative analysis methods, aided by graphs. Based on the results of this research, certain conclusions and recommendations were developed in order to promote a system of measures aimed at reducing labor migration, by applying sustainable socioeconomic development programs, which would contribute to the creation of new jobs.

scholarly journals External Habits Formation and the Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Fatma Safi
Keyword(s):  
Utility Function ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Competitive Equilibrium ◽  
Cohort Size ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The present paper presents a standard overlapping generations model with external habits formation and environmental quality in the utility function. Our main objective is to study the impact of external habits on capital accumulation and environmental quality on the intertemporal competitive equilibrium. We notice that striving for status leads to environment worsening and capital increasing when the cohort size is large.

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