Temporary versus Permanent Population Mobility in Melanesia: A Case Study from Vanuatu

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 806-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Haberkorn
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Predominant Form ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Contemporary Reality

Melanesia's urban population tripled from a mere 7 percent of the region's total population in 1955 to 20 percent by 1985. The recency and magnitude of this development and the absence of any established forms of urban living in the region's precolonial history virtually rules out natural population growth as the principal cause behind this process of rapid urbanization and suggests massive internal population mobility as the most likely cause. The overall picture conveyed by the Melanesian mobility literature, however, emphasizes rural-based circular mobility as the predominant form of population mobility in the region. Seeking to reconcile this contrast, this article argues that much of the alleged continued predominance of circular mobility owes more to its underlying operationalizations, ways of measurement, and theoretical conceptualizations than reflects contemporary reality. This argument is substantiated by an analysis of recent developments in Vanuatu mobility set in the local and historical conditions of migration from the island of Paama. It is demonstrated how specific structural transformations on the island and in urban areas throughout this century were not only conducive to a change from temporary to long-term or permanent rural absences, but how they also have emerged as the direct result of mobility, thus highlighting the latter's dialectical nature. Evidence for this mobility change is derived from a comparative analysis of lifetime mobility histories of urban and rural Paamese men and women.

scholarly journals Long-Term Spatiotemporal Variation of Net Primary Productivity and Its Correlation With the Urbanization: A Case Study in Hubei Province, China

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Wu ◽  
Chengfeng Zhou ◽  
Yuxiang Zhang ◽  
Ying Xu
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Rapid Urbanization

Net primary productivity (NPP) is a critical component in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycles. Thus, quantitatively estimating and monitoring the dynamics of NPP have become key aspects for exploring the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic activity, such as urbanization, has significant effects on NPP and increases pressure on the natural resources of a specific region. However, to date, although many studies have focused on the relationship between NPP variation and urbanization, they usually ignored any differences at a long-term spatiotemporal variation of urbanization factors, which led to the insufficient understanding of the urbanization-induced impacts on NPP. As a result, this study effectively explored the spatiotemporal variation of NPP from 2001 to 2012 and its corresponding relationship with urbanization, taking the Hubei Province in China as a case study area. To clarify the degree of urbanization, the spatial distribution and temporal variation of population and gross domestic product (GDP) were simulated based on the elevation-adjusted human settlement index and nighttime lights data. The major results showed that high NPP areas were located in those highlands with widespread woodland, in which the NPP value continued to grow during the period. The low NPP areas were mainly distributed in urban areas, and the NPP value had a continued and visible loss. The population and GDP both had a strong correlation with NPP. The significant negative correlation was concentrated in the center of Hubei, with a dense population and developed economy. In order to further realize their complex relationship, the correlation coefficients between the annual NPP and the two factors from 2001 to 2012 were calculated, and the changing trends were investigated. Overall, the findings of this study may provide a reference for studies on the interaction between ecological environment and socioeconomic processes under the background of global rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals THE RAILWAY NETWORK AND THE PROCESS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION IN SPAIN, 1900-2001

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Franch-Auladell ◽  
Mateu Morillas-Torné ◽  
Jordi Martí-Henneberg
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Municipal Level

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a methodology for quantifying the territorial impact on population distribution of the railway. The central hypothesis is that access to railway services provides the best-connected areas with a long-term comparative advantage over others that are less accessible. Carrying out a historical analysis and providing comparable data at the municipal level allows us to determine the extent to which the railway has fostered the concentration of population within its immediate surroundings. The case study presented here is that of Spain between 1900 and 2001, but the same methodology could equally be applied to any other country for which the required data are available. In this case, key data included a Geographic Information System with information about both the development of the railway network and census data relating to total population at the municipal level. The results obtained suggest the relevance of this methodology, which makes it possible to identify the periods and areas in which this influence was most significant.

scholarly journals Incorporating Private Savings Behavior in Product Offerings: A Case Study of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258
Author(s):  
Salman Ahmed Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Savings Behavior ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Savings Rate ◽  
Investment Returns ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Micro Foundations ◽  
Islamic Investment

In order to enhance understanding about the actual savings behaviour and impulses which drive savings behaviour, it is interesting to study the micro foundations of savings behaviour. Collecting micro data through filled questionnaire from households in urban areas, this study identifies the motives of savings and the instruments and channels where the savings are invested in Pakistan. The results reveal that investment motive, higher income and greater frequency of household members joining labor force for earning incomes enhance the monthly savings rate. The results can be used to offer Islamic investment deposits in an attractive way. If the investment deposits are pitched properly by highlighting the stable ex-post investment returns and low ex-post volatility, then people with an investment motive parking their savings in fixed income mutual funds would be attracted towards Islamic investment deposits. Likewise, incremental long term savings plans wherein periodic investments increase over a period of time can be offered given that monthly savings rate are found to be positively associated with income. Finally, joint investment accounts can be offered given the finding that monthly savings rate is higher in households with greater number of earning members in family.JEL Classification: G11, G21, G23How to Cite:Shaikh, S. A. (2021). Incorporating Private Savings Behavior in Product Offerings: A Case Study of Pakistan. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 10(2), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v10i2.20139.

Cordaid’s Post-Disaster Shelter Strategy in Haiti: Linking Relief and Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Harmen Janse ◽  
Kees van der Flier
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Post Disaster

Haiti was struck by a heavy earthquake in 2010 and international aid poured into the country. News reports in 2011 were not very positive about the results of post-disaster reconstruction: “The relief efforts are only putting Haiti on life-support instead of evolving into the next stage of development”. One of the non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in Haiti was Cordaid, implementing a ‘transitional shelter strategy’ to support the transformation of neigh-bourhoods from a state of life-support into a state of self-sustaining development. The strategy was implemented in both a rural and an urban area. The main feature of the strategy was the provision of structures that could be adapted from simple shelters to permanent houses. Since the results of the strategy were mixed and ambiguous, a comparative case study was conducted to evaluate the shelter strategy in both areas. The objective was to draw lessons about what has to be taken into account when formulating future urban shelter strategies. The case study is discussed in this article. The main finding from the case study is that producing the intended number of shelters within the financial and time budgets that were set (efficiency), was more difficult in the urban area than in the rural area. But the conditions for linking relief and development (effectiveness) are more favourable in the urban context. NGOs may achieve long-term (effective) results in the urban context when a lower efficiency can be justified. That is why NGOs need to engage in a debate about the extent to which they are able to focus on long-term shelter or housing strategies. The important element in the debate is communication with the donors who are often focused on short-term relief measures. However urban areas cannot be rebuilt with only short-term interventions. The link between relief and development has to be made by a process-orientated approach focusing on capacities of local participants.

Green Urban Public Bikes Rental System: A Case Study of Taipei YouBike

2013 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 968-975
Author(s):  
Hui Hua Yang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
System A ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Taipei City

Public bikes rental system is an innovative scheme of rental bicycles in urban areas and can be seen as part of the public transport system. This study investigates the users of Taipei YouBike rental system, analysis their intention and behaviors, pre-expectation and actual experience on satisfaction. The result indicates that the users were mostly from long term annual fee commuters. The result also reveals distinct discrepancies between pre-expectation and actual experience, especially in distributes of safety routes and environments and clear indication of signs on bike routes. The findings can be used for Taipei City to improve the urban bicycle program and make more effort to develop safety cycling infrastructures and amenities.

scholarly journals MITIGATION SCENARIOS FOR RESIDENTIAL FIRES IN DENSELY POPULATED URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN SUKAHAJI VILLAGE, BANDUNG CITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Saut Aritua Hasiholan Sagala ◽  
Praditya Adhitama ◽  
Donald Ganitua Sianturi ◽  
Umar Al Faruq
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Mitigation Scenarios ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Residential Fires ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Structural Fires

Residential fires are a form of disaster that often occurs in urban areas especially in densely populated settlements. This study looks at possible mitigation scenarios for this kind of disaster. A case study was conducted in Babakan Ciparay Sub-District in Bandung City, among the densely populated settlements, and was focused especially on Sukahaji Village, a sub-unit of Babakan Ciparay, which is the most densely populated village in Bandung City with up to 234.14 people/ha. There have been six structural fires recorded from 2007 until 2010 occurring in Sukahaji. This study applied stratified random sampling as the preferred sampling technique and data collection method from a total population of 3,227 buildings. The data was then examined using risk analysis. The results have led to two intervention measures suggested as mitigation scenarios for residential fires that can be applied within the Sukahaji Village. The study concludes that mitigation measures through strengthening community capacity can be the principal option in reducing risk to fires in densely populated urban settlements.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Health Burden Misclassification from the Use of Different PM2.5 Exposure Tier Models: A Case Study of London

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Vasilis Kazakos ◽  
Zhiwen Luo ◽  
Ian Ewart
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Exposure Concentration ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
London Underground

Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with increased mortality in urban areas. Hence, reducing the uncertainty in human exposure assessments is essential for more accurate health burden estimates. Here, we quantified the misclassification that occurred when using different exposure approaches to predict the mortality burden of a population using London as a case study. We developed a framework for quantifying the misclassification of the total mortality burden attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in four major microenvironments (MEs) (dwellings, aboveground transportation, London Underground (LU) and outdoors) in the Greater London Area (GLA), in 2017. We demonstrated that differences exist between five different exposure Tier-models with incrementally increasing complexity, moving from static to more dynamic approaches. BenMap-CE, the open source software developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, was used as a tool to achieve spatial distribution of the ambient concentration by interpolating the monitoring data to the unmonitored areas and ultimately estimating the change in mortality on a fine resolution. Indoor exposure to PM2.5 is the largest contributor to total population exposure concentration, accounting for 83% of total predicted population exposure, followed by the London Underground, which contributes approximately 15%, despite the average time spent there by Londoners being only 0.4%. After incorporating housing stock and time-activity data, moving from static to most dynamic metric, Inner London showed the highest reduction in exposure concentration (i.e., approximately 37%) and as a result the largest change in mortality (i.e., health burden/mortality misclassification) was observed in central GLA. Overall, our findings showed that using outdoor concentration as a surrogate for total population exposure but ignoring different exposure concentration that occur indoors and time spent in transit, led to a misclassification of 1174–1541 mean predicted mortalities in GLA. We generally confirm that increasing the complexity and incorporating important microenvironments, such as the highly polluted LU, could significantly reduce the misclassification of health burden assessments.

Evaluating the Options in Urban Areas with Financial Constraints

1996 ◽  
Vol 1518 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Patrick Decorla-Souza ◽  
Jerry Everett ◽  
Brian Gardner ◽  
Michael Culp
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Mixed Flow ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
New Infrastructure

Logic is devised for a needs test for new general-purpose lane (GPL) highway capacity in urban areas that have limited funding available for new infrastructure investments. GPL capacity is defined as mixed-flow lanes on which both single-occupant and high-occupancy vehicles are permitted. Methodologies to apply the needs test and to evaluate the options in urban areas facing limitations on new GPL capacity are developed. A case study is used to demonstrate the methodologies to evaluate the air quality and cost-effectiveness impacts of transportation system alternatives, illustrating how planners may develop the type of information that policy makers will need to help them make informed decisions about long-term options.

IV. Finance and Politics in Urban Local Government in England, 1835–1900

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Hennock
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Urban Local Government ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
Long Term Trend

One of the chief features of the history of nineteenth-century England was undoubtedly the increase in the size of cities, and in the proportion of the total population who lived under urban conditions. Since this process turned out to be a long-term trend, the urban communities, especially the larger ones, were always historically more important than the statistics of urban to rural population in any one decade would have suggested.2 They were the growing points of the new society, and decisions taken there were to be of cumulative significance far beyond the borough boundary. The problems of the towns in any one generation became increasingly the problems of the nation in the next. For instance, it was assumed in 1848 that the administrative measures under the Public Health Act of that year were applicable to urban areas only. By 1872 it had been realized that they would have to be extended to the country as a whole.

scholarly journals Long-term avalanche hazard assessment with a Bayesian depth-averaged propagation model

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (198) ◽  
pp. 563-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Eckert ◽  
M. Naaim ◽  
E. Parent
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Hazard Mapping ◽  
Model Identifiability ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Dynamical Simulations ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Avalanche Flow

AbstractWhile performing statistical–dynamical simulations for avalanche predetermination, a propagation model must reach a compromise between precise description of the avalanche flow and computation times. Crucial problems are the choice of appropriate distributions describing the variability of the different inputs/outputs and model identifiability. In this study, a depth-averaged propagation model is used within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. First, the joint posterior distribution is estimated using a sequential Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. Details for tuning the estimation algorithm are provided, as well as tests to check convergence. Of particular interest is the calibration of the two coefficients of a Voellmy friction law, with model identifiability ensured by prior information. Second, the point estimates are used to predict the joint distribution of different variables of interest for hazard mapping. Recent developments are employed to compute pressure distributions taking into account the rheology of snow. The different steps of the method are illustrated with a real case study, for which all possible decennial scenarios are simulated. It appears that the marginal distribution of impact pressures is strongly skewed, with possible high values for avalanches characterized by low Froude numbers. Model assumptions and results are discussed.

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