Diagnosing infection after infant open heart surgery: role of procalcitonin

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 641-645
Author(s):  
Dicky Fakhri ◽  
Eva Miranda Marwali ◽  
Novik Budiwardhana ◽  
Poppy Surwianti Roebiono ◽  
Anna Ulfah Rahajoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Post Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Better Than

Background Diagnosing infection in infants after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass remains challenging. We aimed to determine whether procalcitonin discriminates post-cardiopulmonary bypass systemic inflammatory response syndrome from bacterial infection in infants better than C-reactive protein and leukocyte count. Method One hundred and eight infants underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin were measured on arrival in the intensive care unit as baseline, and repeated on postoperative day 3. Bacterial infection was defined as proven infection with a positive blood or sputum culture. Results Twenty-four infants had proven bacterial infection. Baseline leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein levels did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. On postoperative day 3, C-reactive protein (62 vs. 38.5 mg·L−1, p = 0.01) and procalcitonin levels (6.58 vs. 0.41 ng·mL−1, p < 0.01) were higher in patients with bacterial infection. Leukocyte counts did not differ significantly between the two groups ( p = 0.94). The area under the receiver operating curve for leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin was 0.49 ( p = 0.94), 0.67 ( p = 0.01), and 0.87 ( p < 0.0010), respectively. The optimal cutoff value of procalcitonin was 2.5 ng·mL−1 (sensitivity 75%, specificity 88%). Conclusion In infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, procalcitonin discriminates bacterial infection from post-cardiopulmonary bypass systemic inflammatory response syndrome better than C-reactive protein and leukocyte count.

Post-operative kinetics of C-reactive protein to distinguish between bacterial infection and systemic inflammation in infants after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: the early and the late period

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hanna Renk ◽  
David Grosse ◽  
Sarah Schober ◽  
Christian Schlensak ◽  
Michael Hofbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Bypass Surgery ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Congenital Heart Surgery ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Post Operative Period ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Objectives: Differentiation between post-operative inflammation and bacterial infection remains an important issue in infants following congenital heart surgery. We primarily assessed kinetics and predictive value of C-reactive protein for bacterial infection in the early (days 0–4) and late (days 5–28) period after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Secondary objectives were frequency, type, and timing of post-operative infection related to the risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery score. Methods: This 3-year single-centre retrospective cohort study in a paediatric cardiac ICU analysed 191 infants accounting for 235 episodes of CPBP surgery. Primary outcome was kinetics of CRP in the first 28 days after CPBP surgery in infected and non-infected patients. Results: We observed 22 infectious episodes in the early and 34 in the late post-operative period. CRP kinetics in the early post-operative period did not accurately differentiate between infected and non-infected patients. In the late post-operative period, infected infants displayed significantly higher CRP values with a median of 7.91 (1.64–22.02) and 6.92 mg/dl (1.92–19.65) on days 2 and 3 compared to 4.02 (1.99–15.9) and 3.72 mg/dl (1.08–9.72) in the non-infection group. Combining CRP on days 2 and 3 after suspicion of infection revealed a cut-off of 9.47 mg/L with an acceptable predictive accuracy of 76%. Conclusions: In neonates and infants, CRP kinetics is not useful to predict infection in the first 72 hours after CPBP surgery due to the inflammatory response. However, in the late post-operative period, CRP is a valuable adjunctive diagnostic test in conjunction with clinical presentation and microbiological diagnostics.

Kinetics of procalcitonin, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein after cardiopulmonary-bypass in children

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Beghetti ◽  
Peter C. Rimensberger ◽  
Afksendiyos Kalangos ◽  
Walid Habre ◽  
Alain Gervaix
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Valuable Marker ◽  
R Value

Cardiopulmonary bypass induces a generalized inflammatory response, with fever and leukocytes, which is difficult to differentiate from an infection. Recently, procalcitonin has been proposed as an early and specific marker of bacterial infection. The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on production of procalcitonin, therefore, must be assessed before considering this molecule as a valuable marker of infection after cardiac surgery in children. With this in mind, we measured levels of procalcitonin, interleukin 6, and C-reactive protein before and 6 h, 1, 3 and 5 days after cardiopulmonary bypass, in 25 children undergoing cardiac surgery. Cardiopulmonary-bypass induced a transient increase in procalcitonin, with a peak at 24 h, with a median of 1.13 μg/l, a 25th and 75th interquartile of 0.68–2.25, and a p value of less than 0.001. The value had returned to normal in the majority of the children by the third day after surgery. Peak values correlated with the duration of cardiopulmonary-bypass, with a r-value of 0.58 and a p value of 0.003; cross-clamp time, with a r-value of 0.62 and a p value of 0.001; days of mechanical ventilation, with a r-value of 0.62 and a p value of 0.001; and days of stay in intensive care, with a r-value of 0.68, and a p value of 0.0003. The value returned to normal after 3 days in 83% of the patients. Levels of interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein also increased significantly after surgery, and remained elevated for up to 5 days.Thus, in contrast to other markers, levels of procalcitonin in the serum are only slightly and transiently influenced by cardiopulmonary bypass, and may prove to be useful in the early recognition of an infection subsequent to cardiopulmonary bypass.

scholarly journals Procalcitonin is a Better Biomarker than C-Reactive Protein in Newborns Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: The Prokineca Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. BMI.S40658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bobillo Pérez ◽  
Javier Rodríguez-Fanjul ◽  
Iolanda Jordan García ◽  
Julio Moreno Hernando ◽  
Martín Iriondo Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Sepsis Diagnosis ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Optimal Area ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Better Than

Objectives To assess the kinetics of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in newborns after cardiothoracic surgery (CS), with and without cardiopulmonary bypass, and to assess whether PCT was better than CRP in identifying sepsis in the first 72 hours after CS. Patients and Methods This is a prospective study of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit after CS. Interventions PCT and CRP were sequentially drawn 2 hours before surgery and at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Results A total of 65 patients were recruited, of which 14 were excluded because of complications. We compared the kinetics of PCT and CRP after CS in bypass and non-bypass groups without sepsis; there were no differences in the PCT values at any time (24 hours, P = 0.564; 48 hours, P = 0.117; 72 hours, P = 0.076). Thirty-five patients needed bypass, of whom four were septic (11.4%). Significant differences were detected in the PCT values on comparing the septic group to the nonseptic group at 48 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass ( P= 0.018). No differences were detected in the CRP values in these groups. A suitable cutoff for sepsis diagnosis at 48 hours following bypass would be 5 ng/mL, with optimal area under the curve of 0.867 (confidence interval 0.709–0.958), P< 0.0001, and sensitivity and specificity of 87.5% (29.6–99.7) and 72.6% (53.5–86.4), respectively. Conclusions This is a preliminary study but PCT seems to be a good biomarker in newborns after CS. Values over 5 ng/mL at 48 hours after CS should alert physicians to the high risk of sepsis in these patients.

scholarly journals Autologinio kraujo, išsiskyrusio po širdies operacijos, išsaugojimo ir ankstyvos reinfuzijos įvertinimas

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Audronė Veikutienė ◽  
Rimantas Benetis ◽  
Edmundas Širvinskas ◽  
Pranas Grybauskas ◽  
Judita Andrejaitienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Leucocyte Count ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Hospital Department ◽  
Allogeneic Transfusion ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Audronė Veikutienė1, Rimantas Benetis1, Edmundas Širvinskas2, Pranas Grybauskas3, Judita Andrejaitienė2, Vincentas Veikutis2, Jonas Šurkus41 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Širdies,krūtinės ir kraujagyslių chirurgijos klinika, Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas2 Kauno medicinos universiteto Biomedicininių tyrimų institutas, Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas3 Kauno medicinos universiteto Kardiologijos institutas, Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas4 Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų Nefrologijos klinika, Eivenių g. 2, LT-50009 KaunasEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Įvairūs metodai yra siūlomi alogeninio kraujo poreikiui po širdies operacijų sumažinti. Šio darbo tikslas – nustatyti, ar tikslinga naudoti reinfuzijai autologinį kraują, ištekėjusį ankstyvuoju pooperaciniu laikotarpiu, atsižvelgiant į reinfuzijos įtaką ligos pooperacinei eigai. Ligoniai ir metodai Ištirta 90 ligonių, kuriems atliktos širdies operacijos naudojant dirbtinę kraujo apytaką. Tiriamieji suskirstyti į dvi grupes. Pirmą grupę (n = 41) sudarė ligoniai, kuriems po operacijos per 4 valandas į kardiotominį rezervuarą išsiskyręs kraujas buvo surenkamas į sterilius plastikinius maišelius, centrifuguojamas, o gauti autologiniai eritrocitai grąžinami ligoniui. Antros grupės (n = 49) ligoniams išsiskyręs autologinis kraujas nebuvo grąžinamas. Palyginome hemoglobino, hematokrito, leukocitų, C reaktyviojo baltymo vertes prieš operaciją, po operacijos praėjus 4 val., 20 val. ir penktą parą. Tyrėme prokalcitonino koncentraciją serume praėjus 4 val. ir 20 val. po operacijos. Įvertinome netekto kraujo kiekį per 20 val. laikotarpį. Rezultatai Grupių demografiniai, intraoperaciniai duomenys, kairiojo skilvelio išstūmimo frakcija, NYHA funkcinė klasė nesiskyrė. Prieš operaciją ir praėjus 4 val. po operacijos hemoglobino, hematokrito, leukocitų, C reaktyviojo baltymo, prokalcitonino vertės grupėse buvo panašios. Hemoglobino, hematokrito vertės, leukocitų skaičius tarp grupių reikšmingai nesiskyrė ir po 20 val. bei penktą parą. Praėjus 20 val. po operacijos, prokalcitonino koncentracijos padidėjimas (> 0,5–2 ng/ml) dažniau pasitaikė II grupės ligoniams (58,3% / 33,3%). Penktą parą C reaktyviojo baltymo vertė buvo mažesnė I grupėje (70,63 ± 34,23), palyginti su II grupe (93,53 ± 45,48; p < 0,05). Pooperacinis kraujo netekimas per pirmąsias 20 val. tarp grupių reikšmingai nesiskyrė. Alogeninio kraujo transfuzijų poreikis buvo reikšmingai mažesnis I grupės ligoniams: 14,6% / 38,8% (p < 0,05). Infekcinės komplikacijos registruotos I grupės 2,4% ligonių ir II grupės 10,2% ligonių (p < 0,05) Pooperacinio hospitalizavimo trukmė 35,19% buvo trumpesnė I grupės tiriamųjų (p < 0,05). Išvada Ankstyva po širdies operacijos ištekėjusio autologinio, centrifuguoto kraujo reinfuzija nedidino kraujavimo bei sisteminio uždegiminio atsako. Autologinių eritrocitų ankstyvos reinfuzijos grupėje mažėjo alogeninio kraujo transfuzijų poreikis, infekcinių komplikacijų rizika, buvo trumpesnė pooperacinio hospitalizavimo trukmė. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: autologinis kraujas, alogeninis kraujas, dirbtinė kraujo apytaka Benefit of early reinfusion of autologous shed mediastinal blood after cardiac surgery Audronė Veikutienė1, Rimantas Benetis1, Edmundas Širvinskas2, Pranas Grybauskas3, Judita Andrejaitienė2, Vincentas Veikutis2, Jonas Šurkus41 Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania2 Kaunas University of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Research,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania3 Kaunas University of Medicine, Institute of Cardiology,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania4 Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital, Department of Nefrology,Eivenių str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective Various strategies have been proposed to decrease allogeneic transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of collected and reinfused autologous shed mediastinal blood on the postoperative cource. Patients and methods We investigated 90 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The patients were divided into two groups: group I (n = 41) received the centrifuged autologous shed mediastinal blood collected from the cardiotomy reservoir following 4 hours after surgery; in group II (n = 49) all shed mediastinal blood was discarded (control group). Haemoglobin, haematocrit, C-reactive protein values, leucocyte count were compared before surgery, 4 h, 20 h after surgery and on the fifth postoperative day. We have measured serum procalcitonin concentration at 4 h and 20 h after cardiopulmonary bypass. We assessed drained blood loss within 20 postoperative hours. Results There were no significant differences in patients’ demographic, operative data, left ventricle ejection fraction, NYHA functional class between the two groups. C-reactive protein, procalcitonin concentration, haemoglobin, haematocrit values, leucocyte count did not differ between the groups before and at 4 hours after surgery. Haemoglobin, haematocrit level, leucocyte count were similar at 20 hours and on the fifth day after surgery. At 20 hours after surgery, an increase of serum procalcitonin concentration (> 0.5–2 ng/ml) was more frequent in group II (58.3% vs 33.3%). On the fifth postoperative day, the C-reactive protein value was lower in group I (70.63 ± 34.23; p < 0.05), compared to group II (93.53 ± 45.48). Postoperative blood loss did not differ between the groups. Requirement for allogeneic transfusion was significantly lower in group I (14.6% vs 38.8%; p < 0.05). Patients in group I developed less infective complications as compared with the group II (2.4% and 10.2%, respectively; p < 0.05). The length of postoperative in-hospital stay was shorter by 35.19% in group I (p < 0.05) as compared with group II. Conclusions Reinfusion of centrifuged autologous shed mediastinal blood did not increase bleeding tendency and systemic inflammatory response. Requirement for allogeneic transfusion, the risk of postoperative infection and the length of postoperative in-hospital stay was lower in autotransfused patients (group I). The estimation of serum procalcitonin concentration is a usable and rather informative test for evaluating inflammatory response activity after cardiac surgery. Key words: autologous blood, allogeneic blood, cardiopulmonary bypass

scholarly journals Alpha defensin, leukocyte esterase, C-reactive protein, and leukocyte count in synovial fluid for pre-operative diagnosis of periprosthetic infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 205873841880607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena De Vecchi ◽  
Carlo Luca Romanò ◽  
Roberta De Grandi ◽  
Laura Cappelletti ◽  
Francesca Villa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Prosthetic Joint ◽  
Synovial Fluids ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Synovial fluid analysis for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections has gained increasing interest in the recent past when markers more specific for these infections than the serum ones have been identified. Despite the important steps forward, identification of a gold standard has not yet been identified. In this study, usefulness of alpha defensin, leukocyte esterase, C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBCs) in synovial fluids alone and in combination for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection was evaluated. Synovial fluids from 32 infected and 34 not infected patients were analyzed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, diagnostic accuracy, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for each parameter. Moreover, combination of coupled variables was also evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Sensitivity of alpha defensin, CRP, leukocyte count, and leukocyte esterase were 84.4%, 87.5%, 93.7%, and 93.8%, respectively. Specificity was 91.2% for leukocyte counts, 94.1% for alpha defensin, 97.0% for CRP, and 97.1% for leukocyte esterase. Diagnostic accuracy was 89.4% for alpha defensin, 92.4% for WBC counts and CRP, and 95.5% for leukocyte esterase. No statistical differences were observed in area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curves of alpha defensin, CRP, and leukocyte counts. Logistic regression analysis applied to a model comprising all the variables showed an AUC higher than AUC of coupled variables. In conclusion, results of this study confirm the high sensitivity and specificity of synovial leukocyte esterase for diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection, also suggesting the need to assess a panel of markers to optimize diagnosis of these infections.

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