scholarly journals Recall to prison in Belgium: Back-end sentencing in search of reintegration

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-25
Author(s):  
Kristel Beyens ◽  
Lars Breuls ◽  
Lana De Pelecijn ◽  
Marijke Roosen ◽  
Veerle Scheirs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Early Release ◽  
Technical Violations ◽  
Front End ◽  
Decision Making Processes

In recent years, the United States and England and Wales have witnessed growing re-incarceration rates. This growth is not only due to the courts sending more people to prison (‘front-end sentencing’), but also due to an increasing number of revocations of early release measures, mainly following technical violations of licence conditions (so called ‘back-end sentencing’). However, it is unclear whether the same phenomenon exists in other (European) countries. Therefore, we empirically studied prison recall decision-making processes in Belgium by file analysis, complemented with focus groups with the decision makers involved in the recall process of prisoners with a sentence of more than three years. We found that the recall process in Belgium is embedded in a strong narrative of ‘giving chances’ and that all decision makers deploy a large amount of discretion, which they use to make deliberate decisions in an attempt to facilitate parolees’ reintegration process. Non-compliance with imposed conditions does not automatically lead to recall and even when a parolee is sent back to prison, recall is framed by the decision makers as a step in the reintegration process, not the end of it.

Naming Crime Suspects in the News

2017 ◽  
pp. 207-225
Author(s):  
Robin Blom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
News Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Ethics Codes ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Crime News ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Whereas some news outlets fully identify crime suspects with name, age, address, and other personal details, other news outlets refuse to fully identify any crime suspect—or even people who have been convicted for a crime. News media from a variety of countries have accused and fully identified people of being responsible for crimes, although those persons turned out to be innocent. Yet, when someone types the names of those people in online search engines, for many, stories containing the accusations will turn up at the top of the search results. This chapter examines the positive and negative aspects from those practices by examining journalistic routines in a variety of countries, such as the United States, Nigeria, and The Netherlands. This analysis demonstrates that important ethical imperatives—often represented in ethics codes of professional journalism organizations—can be contradictory in these decision-making processes. Journalists need to weigh whether they would like to “seek truth and report it” or “minimize harm” when describing crime suspects.

scholarly journals “Only Applies to Research Conducted in Sweden…”: Dilemmas in Gaining Ethics Approval in Transnational Qualitative Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 160940691986944
Author(s):  
Gabriele Griffin ◽  
Doris Leibetseder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
European Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Research Ethics Boards

Transnational research funders such as the European Commission and NordForsk increasingly require researchers to conduct transnational research. Yet, there is little research on what this means for seeking ethics approval, not least for qualitative researchers. Much work on ethics approval comes from Canada, the United States, and other Anglophone countries, often in a health-related context, and centers on issues between researchers and research ethics boards (REBs), or on inconsistent or inappropriate decision-making by REBs. Ethical conduct within research has, of course, generated a rich literature but not on gaining ethics approval when conducting qualitative transnational research. Rather, the underlying situation usually is that the research is conducted in the same geopolitical space as where the REB is located. Drawing on two cases studies, in which researchers located in one country, Sweden, sought ethics approval to conduct research in other European countries, we explore some of the challenges that we faced in gaining such approval and provide some suggestions how this process might be made both more efficient and more productive for researchers and research funders alike.

An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik I. Beekun ◽  
Ramda Hamdy ◽  
James W. Westerman ◽  
Hassan R. HassabElnaby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Making Processes

scholarly journals Decision Making for Managing Community Flood Risks: Perspectives of United States Floodplain Managers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Tyler ◽  
Abdul-Akeem Sadiq ◽  
Douglas S. Noonan ◽  
Rebecca M. Entress
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Flood Risks ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes

AbstractTo reduce flood losses, floodplain managers make decisions on how to effectively manage their community’s flood risks. While there is a growing body of research that examines how individuals and households make decisions to manage their flood risks, far less attention has been directed at understanding the decision-making processes for flood management at the community level. This study aimed to narrow this research gap by examining floodplain managers’ perceptions of the quality of their community’s flood management decision-making processes. Data gathered from interviews with 200 floodplain managers in the United States indicate that most floodplain managers perceive their community’s flood management decision-making processes to be good. The results also indicate that communities participating in the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Community Rating System, as well as communities with a higher level of concern for flooding and a lower poverty rate, are significantly more likely to report better flood management decision-making processes.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Vaccine for Covid-19 Within the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femi Obasun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The Future

This report looks into the administering process of vaccines within the United States and the method designed to aid the decision-makers' process. The study method is based on a quantitative representation in which vaccine candidates are administered.   The procedure utilizes the corresponding (incomplete) data that could theoretically be used in other decision-making methods. The information provided by the vaccine manufacture is somewhat vague. The process entails predicting the future and gaps.  The study interview 1200 vaccinated patients to give an opinion based on the patients.

scholarly journals Improving Best Management Practice Decisions in Mixed Land Use and/or Municipal Watersheds: Should Approaches Be Standardized?

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1402
Author(s):  
Jason A. Hubbart
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Best management practices (BMP) are defined in the United States Clean Water Act (CWA) as practices or measures that have been demonstrated to be successful in protecting a given water resource from nonpoint source pollution. Unfortunately, the greatest majority of BMPs remain unvalidated in terms of demonstrations of success. Further, there is not a broadly accepted or standardized process of BMP implementation and monitoring methods. Conceivably, if standardized BMP validations were a possibility, practices would be much more transferrable, comparable, and prescriptive. The purpose of this brief communication is to present a generalized yet integrated and customizable BMP decision-making process to encourage decision makers to more deliberately work towards the establishment of standardized approaches to BMP monitoring and validation in mixed-use and/or municipal watersheds. Decision-making processes and challenges to BMP implementation and monitoring are presented that should be considered to advance the practice(s) of BMP implementation. Acceptance of standard approaches may result in more organized and transferrable BMP implementation policies and increased confidence in the responsible use of taxpayer dollars through broad acceptance of methods that yield predictable and replicable results.

INFLUENCE OF LOBBYING ON THE KARABAKH CONFLICT

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Yulduzkhan Imomova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This article examines the role and influence of ethnic lobby groups that exert pressure on decision-making processes regarding the Karabakh conflict. The lobby groups actively operate in democratic states such as the United States, Russia and Turkey and form a political position on the war between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which in turn may affect the consequences of the conflict

scholarly journals Determination of Dairy Cattle Euthanasia Criteria and Analysis of Barriers to Humane Euthanasia in the United States: The Veterinarian Perspective

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooklyn K. Wagner ◽  
Mary Caitlin Cramer ◽  
Heather N. Fowler ◽  
Hannah L. Varnell ◽  
Alia M. Dietsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Interactive Training ◽  
Pain And Suffering

When dairy cattle become ill or injured to the extent that recovery is unlikely or impossible, on-farm euthanasia should be used as a tool to eliminate pain and suffering. Our study aimed to identify decision-making criteria and the most common factors considered by veterinarians when making and carrying out euthanasia decisions. Dairy cattle veterinarians were recruited to participate in an online survey (Part I, 61 surveys collected) or in one of three focus groups (Part II, 4–10 veterinarians/group, n = 22). Part I (survey): Surveyed veterinarians varied regarding health condition management and demonstrated a strong proclivity to treat compromised cattle, mirroring trends amongst dairy producers identified in previous research. Sixty percent of respondents indicated that most facilities for which they serve as the primary veterinarian have a written euthanasia protocol in place. Part II (focus groups): Three main themes about euthanasia decision-making (logistical, animal, and human) were identified from focus group discussions. Discussions focused primarily on logistical factors such as financial considerations and client/public perceptions. Development of specific standards for euthanasia, alongside interactive training programs for dairy veterinarians and producers are vital next steps to improving cattle welfare and consistency in euthanasia decision-making across the United States dairy industry.

Why Does Planning Matter in Microclimate Management and Urban Heat Mitigation?

2019 ◽  
pp. 0739456X1988300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi P. Heris ◽  
Brian Muller ◽  
Alana M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Main Factors

In this paper, we examine two mixed-use redevelopment projects in the United States, including both regulatory and procedural contexts, to assess how decision-making processes affected microclimate outcomes. We investigate Belmar in Lakewood, CO and 29th Street Mall in Boulder, CO. Measurements and simulations of microclimate show that Belmar mitigates urban heat more effectively. Policies including building height, street patterns, and landscaping standards were key variables in this outcome. Through interviews and content analysis, we found five main factors shaping those policy choices: (1) urban vision, (2) land use and form controls, (3) design guidelines, (4) public financing, and (5) ownership/condemnation factors.

Naming Crime Suspects in the News

2020 ◽  
pp. 354-372
Author(s):  
Robin Blom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
News Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Online Search ◽  
Ethics Codes ◽  
Search Results ◽  
Crime News ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Whereas some news outlets fully identify crime suspects with name, age, address, and other personal details, other news outlets refuse to fully identify any crime suspect—or even people who have been convicted for a crime. News media from a variety of countries have accused and fully identified people of being responsible for crimes, although those persons turned out to be innocent. Yet, when someone types the names of those people in online search engines, for many, stories containing the accusations will turn up at the top of the search results. This chapter examines the positive and negative aspects from those practices by examining journalistic routines in a variety of countries, such as the United States, Nigeria, and The Netherlands. This analysis demonstrates that important ethical imperatives—often represented in ethics codes of professional journalism organizations—can be contradictory in these decision-making processes. Journalists need to weigh whether they would like to “seek truth and report it” or “minimize harm” when describing crime suspects.

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