Elites and the Impact of the Reformation in sixteenth-century Wurttemberg

This chapter focuses on the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. Following Henry VIII's break with Rome in 1531, the English Reformation led Britain into a protracted struggle with the two great Catholic powers, Spain and France, for the next 300 years. The long-term effect was to define Britain as the leading Protestant power; but more immediately, it posed a far greater threat to England than Islam, and effectively destroyed the rationale for crusading activities. In this situation, the Islamic empires actually became a valuable balancing factor in European diplomacy. Henry's readiness to deal with the Muslim powers was far from eccentric during the sixteenth century. Both King Francis I of France and Queen Elizabeth I of England took the policy of collaboration much further.

3. Constantinople and Moscow

Orthodox Christianity: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780190883270.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 26-32

Author(s):

A. Edward Siecienski

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Thirteenth Century ◽

Western Europe ◽

Byzantine Empire ◽

Experience Of God ◽

The Reformation ◽

The Impact

‘Constantinople and Moscow’ considers the Byzantines’ relationship with Rome during the thirteenth century and the continuing argument over the filioque and other Latin heresies. During the next century, it was an internal debate that rocked the Eastern church, as a dispute arose about whether one could in prayer have an experience of God as light. In 1453, Constantinople, the jewel of the Byzantine Empire, finally fell to the Ottomans and Orthodox Christians came under Islamic rule. The impact of the Reformation in Western Europe on Orthodoxy during the sixteenth century and the shift of the Orthodox world east to Moscow are also described.

Select document: Catholic ownership of tithes: a County Wexford widow’s dispensation, 1595

Irish Historical Studies ◽

10.1017/ihs.2018.36 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (162) ◽

pp. 336-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian Mac Cuarta

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Rural Population ◽

Catholic Priests ◽

Ecclesiastical Authority ◽

Agricultural Produce ◽

Church Of Ireland ◽

The Reformation ◽

The Impact ◽

The Church

AbstractDown to the mid-nineteenth century, the rural population in Ireland was obliged by law to contribute to the upkeep of the Church of Ireland clergy by means of tithes, a measure denoting a proportion of annual agricultural produce. The document illustrates what was happening in the late sixteenth century, as separate ecclesial structures were emerging, and Catholics were beginning to determine how to support their own clergy. Control of ecclesiastical resources was a major issue for the Catholic community in the century after the introduction of the Reformation. However, for want of documentation the use of tithes to support Catholic priests, much less the impact of this issue on relationships within that community, between ecclesiastics and propertied laity, has been little noted. This text – a dispensation to hold parish revenues, signed by a papally-appointed bishop ministering in the south-east – illustrates how the recusant community in an anglicised part of Ireland addressed some issues posed by Catholic ownership of tithes in the 1590s. It exemplifies the confusion, competing claims, and anxiety of conscience among some who benefited from the secularisation of the church’s medieval patrimony; it also preserves the official response of the relevant Catholic ecclesiastical authority to an individual situation.

Christian Hebrew Printing in the Sixteenth Century: Printers, Humanism and the Impact of the Reformation

10.36576/summa.3604 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 51 (154) ◽

pp. 13-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stephen G. Burnett

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

The Reformation ◽

The Impact

The Jews and the Reformation

10.12987/yale/9780300186291.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kenneth Austin

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Early Modern Period ◽

Global Perspective ◽

First Century ◽

Protestant Reformation ◽

Counter Reformation ◽

The Reformation ◽

Jewish Learning ◽

The Impact

This book examines the attitudes of various Christian groups in the Protestant and Catholic Reformations towards Jews, the Hebrew language, and Jewish learning. Martin Luther's writings are notorious, but Reformation attitudes were much more varied and nuanced than these might lead us to believe. The book has much to tell us about the Reformation and its priorities, and it has important implications for how we think about religious pluralism more broadly. The book begins by focusing on the impact and various forms of the Reformation on the Jews and pays close attention to the global perspective on Jewish experiences in the early modern period. It highlights the links between Jews in Europe and those in north Africa, Asia Minor, and the Americas, and it looks into the Jews' migrations and reputation as a corollary of Christians' exploration and colonisation of several territories. It seeks to next establish the position Jews occupied in Christian thinking and society by the start of the Reformation era, and then moves on to the first waves of reform in the earliest decades of the sixteenth century in both the Catholic and Protestant realms. The book explores the radical dimension to the Protestant Reformation and talks about identity as the heart of a fundamental issue associated with the Reformation. It analyzes “Counter Reformation” and discusses the various forms of Protestantism that had been accepted by large swathes of the population of many territories in Europe. Later chapters turn attention to relations between Jews and Christians in the first half of the seventeenth century and explore the Sabbatean movement as the most significant messianic movement since the first century BCE. In conclusion, the book summarizes how the Jews of Europe were in a very different position by the end of the seventeenth century compared to where they had been at the start of the sixteenth century. It recounts how Jewish communities sprung up in places which had not traditionally been a home to Jews, especially in Eastern Europe.

Charismatic Revelations

The Oxford Handbook of Divine Revelation ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795353.013.16 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 185-202

Author(s):

Douglas H. Shantz

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Religious Pluralism ◽

Modern Science ◽

Charles Taylor ◽

Personal Commitment ◽

The Reformation ◽

Direct Encounter ◽

The Impact

The notion of ‘charismatic revelations’ is a modern one, reflecting the individualism and theological conflicts arising from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Charismatic revelations can be found in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Protestant movements such as German Pietism and English Evangelicalism and are notable in twentieth-century Pentecostalism and charismatic renewal. Charles Taylor has described the burden of individualism that came with the break-up of Christendom under the impact of the Reformation and the rise of modern science. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there arose ‘a new Christianity of personal commitment’ (Taylor 2007, 143–144). In German Pietism and English Methodism the stress was upon feeling, emotion, and a living faith, reflecting the logic of Enlightenment ‘subjectification’. The predicament of these believers and their religious individualism was marked by spiritual instability, melancholy, and doubt. This predicament provides the context for understanding the rise of charismatic revelations. Under the burden of growing secularism, religious pluralism, and existential angst and isolation, a host of modern believers found meaning and hope through experiences of direct encounter with God that included his personal speaking addressed to their inmost being.

Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions

European Journal of Theology ◽

10.5117/ejt2019.2.018.boke ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 193-194

Author(s):

Tomas Bokedal

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Theology Of The Cross ◽

Historische Entwicklung ◽

New Perspective On Paul ◽

The Reformation ◽

Good Material ◽

The Common ◽

New Perspective ◽

And Migration ◽

The Impact

SummaryThis dictionary is an outstanding scholarly achievement by 182 experts in their fields. Scholars, pastors and lay-people interested in the common heritage of the Reformation will benefit from 600 easily accessible entries. The historical development of the Lutheran Reformation is addressed under rubrics such as ‘Augustinianism’, ‘Ninety-Five Theses’, ‘Luther’s Breakthrough’ and ‘Peace of Augsburg’. A number of entries explore the impact of the Lutheran movement in sixteenth-century Europe and contain compressed entries on central historical and theological themes such as ‘Pietism’, ‘Theology of the Cross’, ‘Twofold Righteousness’ and ‘Calvinism as a Second Reformation’, but also critical accounts of such topics as ‘Race/Minorities’, ‘Refugees’ and ‘Migration’. There is balanced criticism of the socalled New Perspective on Paul, and good material on Lutheran mission and evangelism. Throughout the volume, the reader encounters edifying traits interwoven into the scholarly presentation. This dictionary is a real gem.RÉSUMÉCe dictionnaire est un ouvrage académique remarquable, réalisé par 182 experts dans leur domaine. Les spécialistes, les pasteurs, et quiconque s’intéresse à l’héritage commun de la Réforme, bénéficieront des quelques six cents articles. L’histoire de la Réforme luthérienne est traitée en diverses rubriques comme l’augustinianisme, les quatrevingt quinze thèses, la rupture luthérienne, et la paix d’Augsbourg. Nombre d’articles explorent l’impact du mouvement luthérien dans l’Europe du seizième siècle et d’autres sont des condensés sur des thèmes historiques et théologiques centraux tels que le piétisme, la théologie de la croix, le calvinisme en tant que seconde réformation. L’ouvrage traite encore de sujets comme les minorités raciales et autres minorités, les réfugiés, les migrations. Il contient une présentation équilibrée de « la nouvelle perspective sur la théologie paulinienne », et un bon apport sur la mission et l’évangélisation dans le luthéranisme. Tout au long de cet ouvrage, le lecteur rencontre des apports édifiants insérés dans les exposés académiques. Ce dictionnaire est réellement une perle.ZusammenfassungDieses Nachschlagewerk stellt eine herausragende wissenschaftliche Errungenschaft dar, verfasst von 182 Experten in ihrem jeweiligen Gebiet. Wissenschaftler, Pastoren und Laien, die an dem weit verbreiteten Erbe der Reformation interessiert sind, werden von den 600 leicht lesbaren Beiträgen profitieren. Die historische Entwicklung der lutherischen Reformation findet sich unter Rubriken wie ,,Augustinianismus“, ,,Fünfundneunzig Thesen“, ,,Luthers Durchbruch“ und ,,Der Friede von Augsburg“. Eine Reihe von Beiträgen erforscht den Einfluss der lutherischen Bewegung im Europa des 16. Jahrhunderts und enthält komprimierte Darstellungen zentraler historischer und theologischer Themen wie ,,Pietismus“, ,,Kreuzestheologie“, ,,Zweifache Gerechtigkeit“ sowie ,,Calvinismus als Zweite Reformation“; darüber hinaus finden sich auch kritische Berichte zu Themen wie ,,Rasse/Minderheiten“, ,,Flüchtlinge“ und ,,Migration“. Ferner gibt es eine ausgewogene Kritik der sogenannten Neuen Perspektive zu Paulus und hilfreiches Material zur lutherischen Mission und Evangelisation. Im gesamten Band trifft der Leser auf erbauliche Züge, die in die wissenschaftliche Darbietung hineingewoben sind. Das Lexikon ist ein wahrer Schatz.

Church and Chapelry in Sixteenth-Century England

Studies in Church History ◽

10.1017/s0424208400010020 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 279-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Christopher Kitching

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Great Difficulty ◽

Entire Population ◽

Practical Reasons ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Parish Church ◽

The Reformation ◽

The Impact ◽

The Church

The church has always experienced great difficulty in ministering to those dwelling in the remotest parts of its parishes. In this paper I shall look briefly at how the sixteenth century church coped with the problem, and attempt to answer two questions: what facilities for worship were available in outlying districts, and what was the impact of the reformation changes upon them?Chapels abounded in England on the eve of the reformation. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that wherever he lived a parishioner could, without an unreasonably arduous journey, reach a place where mass was sung or said. Quite apart from matters of spiritual and moral discipline, it was important for very practical reasons that he should be able to get quickly to church. Disaster could take hold in villages and townships if the entire population had set off on a long hike to a remote parish church and was unlikely to return for some hours. Moreover, the length of the hike determined the extent of the diversion of labour from other pursuits, notably in the fields at harvest time: indeed, this was to influence government rulings on the number of saints’ days to be observed by the laity.