3. Constantinople and Moscow

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
A. Edward Siecienski
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Experience Of God ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Impact

‘Constantinople and Moscow’ considers the Byzantines’ relationship with Rome during the thirteenth century and the continuing argument over the filioque and other Latin heresies. During the next century, it was an internal debate that rocked the Eastern church, as a dispute arose about whether one could in prayer have an experience of God as light. In 1453, Constantinople, the jewel of the Byzantine Empire, finally fell to the Ottomans and Orthodox Christians came under Islamic rule. The impact of the Reformation in Western Europe on Orthodoxy during the sixteenth century and the shift of the Orthodox world east to Moscow are also described.

The Impact of the Reformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-61
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Queen Elizabeth I ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Diplomacy ◽  
Francis I

This chapter focuses on the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. Following Henry VIII's break with Rome in 1531, the English Reformation led Britain into a protracted struggle with the two great Catholic powers, Spain and France, for the next 300 years. The long-term effect was to define Britain as the leading Protestant power; but more immediately, it posed a far greater threat to England than Islam, and effectively destroyed the rationale for crusading activities. In this situation, the Islamic empires actually became a valuable balancing factor in European diplomacy. Henry's readiness to deal with the Muslim powers was far from eccentric during the sixteenth century. Both King Francis I of France and Queen Elizabeth I of England took the policy of collaboration much further.

Select document: Catholic ownership of tithes: a County Wexford widow’s dispensation, 1595

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (162) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Mac Cuarta
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Catholic Priests ◽  
Ecclesiastical Authority ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Church Of Ireland ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Church

AbstractDown to the mid-nineteenth century, the rural population in Ireland was obliged by law to contribute to the upkeep of the Church of Ireland clergy by means of tithes, a measure denoting a proportion of annual agricultural produce. The document illustrates what was happening in the late sixteenth century, as separate ecclesial structures were emerging, and Catholics were beginning to determine how to support their own clergy. Control of ecclesiastical resources was a major issue for the Catholic community in the century after the introduction of the Reformation. However, for want of documentation the use of tithes to support Catholic priests, much less the impact of this issue on relationships within that community, between ecclesiastics and propertied laity, has been little noted. This text – a dispensation to hold parish revenues, signed by a papally-appointed bishop ministering in the south-east – illustrates how the recusant community in an anglicised part of Ireland addressed some issues posed by Catholic ownership of tithes in the 1590s. It exemplifies the confusion, competing claims, and anxiety of conscience among some who benefited from the secularisation of the church’s medieval patrimony; it also preserves the official response of the relevant Catholic ecclesiastical authority to an individual situation.

Martin Luther in Central Europe: Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
L'ubomír Batka
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
National Language ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Ecclesiastical Reform ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The Impact

The reception of Luther in central Europe has been influenced by the Counter-Reformation and re-Catholicization more than anywhere else. Protestantism was so widespread in this area throughout the 16th century that it largely reduced the Roman Catholic Church to a minority confession, but 500 years later it comprises a majority. The diaspora situation did not leave space for academic research in Luther’s theology. This article focuses on just two regions of central Europe that can serve as typical case studies: parts of the lands of the Bohemian crown, and of the kingdom of Hungary. Similarities could be found in other parts of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, but particular historical complexities make it difficult to speak about central Europe as a whole. In its early phase, Luther’s thought spread primarily in regions where the population was able to read Reformation texts in German: Silesia, North Bohemia, Moravia, Upper Hungary, west Hungary, and Transylvania. From about 1520, it was predominantly the cities along the routes of German traders that contributed to the spread of Luther’s writings in central Europe. In addition, the strong political position of the estates influenced the reception of Luther’s theology in certain areas more than in others. Moreover, the catechetical work done in schools under humanistic influence supported the idea of reformation and religious tolerance. Luther had a much more lasting impact on piety and spirituality through his Small Catechism and hymns than through theological reception, for example in Slovakia. In Bohemia, in contrast, Luther’s works were first translated into another national language, and there occurred theological reflection from various angles, yet no lasting tradition of Lutheranism was established. Reformation in Slovakia, as in like in Hungary, Austria, and Poland, was dominated by Lutherans, whereas in Bohemia and Moravia the Hussite reformation and religious freedom allowed the development of various other confessions, such as Utraquism and the Unity of the Brethren. In central Europe, the Reformation started earlier but was broadly established later than in western Europe. In the first half of the 1520s, the impact of Luther was sporadic and not connected throughout larger areas. After the battle at Mohács and the Diet of Augsburg, the call for ecclesiastical reform was more broadly accepted, first in the cities with predominant German populations, then by the nobility, and by the 1540s by Hungarians, Slovaks. The Letter of Majesty in Bohemia (1609), and the Peace of Vienna and Diet of 1608 in Hungary constituted legal recognition of the evangelical communities. The Reformation in Bohemia and Hungary was more diverse than anywhere in western Europe. The confessionalization of the Reformation reflected and accentuated ethnic differences throughout the region.

Holbein's Pictures of Death and the Reformation at Lyons1

1956 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 97-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Zemon Davis
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Dance Of Death ◽  
The Reformation

The danse macabre pleased the medieval sensibility. It was painted throughout western Europe in the fifteenth century, and the printing profession early took an interest in the theme. The most celebrated wall paintings of the dance of death in France were also the earliest—1424 at the Cimetière des Innocents in Paris. In 1485, woodcut replicas of these paintings with the verses from the cemetery printed underneath the pictures were brought out by the Parisian printer and priest Guyot Marchant. Printers in Paris and elsewhere followed suit. In Lyons, Mathieu Huss printed a Grant Danse Macabre in February 1499 (o.s.), and fascination with the same cuts and verses extended there well into the sixteenth century. Claude Nourry brought out editions in 1501, 1519, and 1523; Pierre de Saint Lucie, the successor of Nourry and the husband of his widow, printed editions in 1537,1548, and 1555.

scholarly journals “Sapere audite ...” Melanchthon – sestiende-eeuse humanis en belangrike reformator

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor D'Assonville
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Philipp Melanchthon ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Reformation History ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

Terwyl Philipp Melanchthon allerweë in wetenskaplike kringe in Wes-Europa sowel as die VSA erkenning geniet vir sy reuse bydrae tot die Reformasie en die Westerse universiteitswese, is hy in sommige dele van die wêreld, ongelukkig ook in Suid-Afrika, taamlik onbekend. Dikwels verdwyn hy in die skadu van Luther en Calvyn. In eie reg was sy bydrae tot die hervorming van die kerk, sowel as die ontwikkeling van geesteswetenskappe en feitlik die volledige spektrum van wetenskappe in sy tyd egter só geweldig groot dat dit moeilik is om nie slegs in die oortreffende trap daarvan te praat nie. In hierdie artikel word doelbewus aandag aan die verhouding tussen sy rol as humanistiese geleerde in die sestiende-eeuse konteks en sy bydrae as kerkhervormer gegee, om sodoende meer insig oor die agtergrond van die komplekse reformasiegeskiedenis te bied. Abstract While Philip Melanchthon enjoys wide acclaim in scientific circles in Western Europe as well as the USA for his tremendous contribution to the Reformation and establishment of Western universities, he is unfortunately relatively unknown in some parts of the world, including South Africa. Often he recedes into the shadow of Luther and Calvin. In his own right his contribution to the sixteenth-century reformation of the church and the development of the Humanities – and in fact close to the entire spectrum of the sciences of his time – was so profound that it is hard not to acclaim him to the superlative degree. In this article, attention is deliberately given to the relationship between his role as humanistic scholar in the sixteenth century context and his contribution as church reformer, in order to provide more clarity on the context of the complexity of church reformation history.

The Jews and the Reformation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Austin
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
First Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Jewish Learning ◽  
The Impact

This book examines the attitudes of various Christian groups in the Protestant and Catholic Reformations towards Jews, the Hebrew language, and Jewish learning. Martin Luther's writings are notorious, but Reformation attitudes were much more varied and nuanced than these might lead us to believe. The book has much to tell us about the Reformation and its priorities, and it has important implications for how we think about religious pluralism more broadly. The book begins by focusing on the impact and various forms of the Reformation on the Jews and pays close attention to the global perspective on Jewish experiences in the early modern period. It highlights the links between Jews in Europe and those in north Africa, Asia Minor, and the Americas, and it looks into the Jews' migrations and reputation as a corollary of Christians' exploration and colonisation of several territories. It seeks to next establish the position Jews occupied in Christian thinking and society by the start of the Reformation era, and then moves on to the first waves of reform in the earliest decades of the sixteenth century in both the Catholic and Protestant realms. The book explores the radical dimension to the Protestant Reformation and talks about identity as the heart of a fundamental issue associated with the Reformation. It analyzes “Counter Reformation” and discusses the various forms of Protestantism that had been accepted by large swathes of the population of many territories in Europe. Later chapters turn attention to relations between Jews and Christians in the first half of the seventeenth century and explore the Sabbatean movement as the most significant messianic movement since the first century BCE. In conclusion, the book summarizes how the Jews of Europe were in a very different position by the end of the seventeenth century compared to where they had been at the start of the sixteenth century. It recounts how Jewish communities sprung up in places which had not traditionally been a home to Jews, especially in Eastern Europe.

Charismatic Revelations

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Shantz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Charles Taylor ◽  
Personal Commitment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Direct Encounter ◽  
The Impact

The notion of ‘charismatic revelations’ is a modern one, reflecting the individualism and theological conflicts arising from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Charismatic revelations can be found in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Protestant movements such as German Pietism and English Evangelicalism and are notable in twentieth-century Pentecostalism and charismatic renewal. Charles Taylor has described the burden of individualism that came with the break-up of Christendom under the impact of the Reformation and the rise of modern science. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries there arose ‘a new Christianity of personal commitment’ (Taylor 2007, 143–144). In German Pietism and English Methodism the stress was upon feeling, emotion, and a living faith, reflecting the logic of Enlightenment ‘subjectification’. The predicament of these believers and their religious individualism was marked by spiritual instability, melancholy, and doubt. This predicament provides the context for understanding the rise of charismatic revelations. Under the burden of growing secularism, religious pluralism, and existential angst and isolation, a host of modern believers found meaning and hope through experiences of direct encounter with God that included his personal speaking addressed to their inmost being.

Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-194
Author(s):  
Tomas Bokedal
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Theology Of The Cross ◽  
Historische Entwicklung ◽  
New Perspective On Paul ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Good Material ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThis dictionary is an outstanding scholarly achievement by 182 experts in their fields. Scholars, pastors and lay-people interested in the common heritage of the Reformation will benefit from 600 easily accessible entries. The historical development of the Lutheran Reformation is addressed under rubrics such as ‘Augustinianism’, ‘Ninety-Five Theses’, ‘Luther’s Breakthrough’ and ‘Peace of Augsburg’. A number of entries explore the impact of the Lutheran movement in sixteenth-century Europe and contain compressed entries on central historical and theological themes such as ‘Pietism’, ‘Theology of the Cross’, ‘Twofold Righteousness’ and ‘Calvinism as a Second Reformation’, but also critical accounts of such topics as ‘Race/Minorities’, ‘Refugees’ and ‘Migration’. There is balanced criticism of the socalled New Perspective on Paul, and good material on Lutheran mission and evangelism. Throughout the volume, the reader encounters edifying traits interwoven into the scholarly presentation. This dictionary is a real gem.RÉSUMÉCe dictionnaire est un ouvrage académique remarquable, réalisé par 182 experts dans leur domaine. Les spécialistes, les pasteurs, et quiconque s’intéresse à l’héritage commun de la Réforme, bénéficieront des quelques six cents articles. L’histoire de la Réforme luthérienne est traitée en diverses rubriques comme l’augustinianisme, les quatrevingt quinze thèses, la rupture luthérienne, et la paix d’Augsbourg. Nombre d’articles explorent l’impact du mouvement luthérien dans l’Europe du seizième siècle et d’autres sont des condensés sur des thèmes historiques et théologiques centraux tels que le piétisme, la théologie de la croix, le calvinisme en tant que seconde réformation. L’ouvrage traite encore de sujets comme les minorités raciales et autres minorités, les réfugiés, les migrations. Il contient une présentation équilibrée de « la nouvelle perspective sur la théologie paulinienne », et un bon apport sur la mission et l’évangélisation dans le luthéranisme. Tout au long de cet ouvrage, le lecteur rencontre des apports édifiants insérés dans les exposés académiques. Ce dictionnaire est réellement une perle.ZusammenfassungDieses Nachschlagewerk stellt eine herausragende wissenschaftliche Errungenschaft dar, verfasst von 182 Experten in ihrem jeweiligen Gebiet. Wissenschaftler, Pastoren und Laien, die an dem weit verbreiteten Erbe der Reformation interessiert sind, werden von den 600 leicht lesbaren Beiträgen profitieren. Die historische Entwicklung der lutherischen Reformation findet sich unter Rubriken wie ,,Augustinianismus“, ,,Fünfundneunzig Thesen“, ,,Luthers Durchbruch“ und ,,Der Friede von Augsburg“. Eine Reihe von Beiträgen erforscht den Einfluss der lutherischen Bewegung im Europa des 16. Jahrhunderts und enthält komprimierte Darstellungen zentraler historischer und theologischer Themen wie ,,Pietismus“, ,,Kreuzestheologie“, ,,Zweifache Gerechtigkeit“ sowie ,,Calvinismus als Zweite Reformation“; darüber hinaus finden sich auch kritische Berichte zu Themen wie ,,Rasse/Minderheiten“, ,,Flüchtlinge“ und ,,Migration“. Ferner gibt es eine ausgewogene Kritik der sogenannten Neuen Perspektive zu Paulus und hilfreiches Material zur lutherischen Mission und Evangelisation. Im gesamten Band trifft der Leser auf erbauliche Züge, die in die wissenschaftliche Darbietung hineingewoben sind. Das Lexikon ist ein wahrer Schatz.

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