scholarly journals Medication disposal practices: Increasing patient and clinician education on safe methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Kinrys ◽  
Alexandra K. Gold ◽  
John J. Worthington ◽  
Andrew A. Nierenberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Safe Medication ◽  
Clinician Education ◽  
Medication Disposal ◽  
Existing Data

Recent research suggests that the nation’s water supply is contaminated with trace pharmaceuticals that exert a negative environmental and public health impact. Incorrect medication disposal methods (e.g. flushing medications down the toilet or drain) are a significant factor contributing to the presence of medication compounds in the aquatic environment. In this commentary, we provide a summary of the existing data on pharmaceuticals in the nation’s water as well as the role of improper medication disposal methods on water contamination. We discuss statistics on improper medication disposal practices among patients and clinicians as well as recent advances in proper medication disposal methods as a solution to this problem. Currently, many patients and clinicians are not aware of proper medication disposal practices. We summarize the importance of patient and clinician education in advancing environmental-safe medication disposal methods.

scholarly journals Environmental sanitation, food and water contamination and diarrhoea in rural Bangladesh

1990 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Henry ◽  
S. R. A. Huttly ◽  
Y. Patwary ◽  
K. M. A. Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Nutritional Status Of Children

SUMMARYThis study examined the role of food and water contamination in a health impact evaluation of a water and sanitation intervention project. Although lower diarrhoea rates were found in the improved area no consistent difference in food and water contamination was observed between areas. Furthermore, no relationship was found between contamination and diarrhoea in either area, even after controlling for the nutritional status of children. These results imply that other vehicles of transmission might be more important than food and water in diarrhoeal transmission. The focus of interventions should therefore be on changing behaviours to improve overall hygiene.

Role of variability in design, implementation, and interpretation of microbial inactivation studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
J.S. Rosen ◽  
I. Najm ◽  
J. Sobrinho ◽  
S. Via
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Uncertainty Factor ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Time Table ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Existing Data

In developing a Ct (concentration × time) table for the inactivation of Cryptosporidium with ozone it has been necessary to incorporate an uncertainty factor that can be applied to calculated Ct values to take account of the significant variability in inactivation results. This paper presents an approach for partitioning the overall variability into two types. That due to analytical and experimental error is shown to clearly outweigh that due to differences in water matrices and oocyst resistance to disinfectant. The results support the use of confidence intervals calculated about the mean inactivation coefficients calculated with existing data, leading to the operation of ozonation with sufficient safety factors to protect public health.

scholarly journals Emerging and re-emerging human infectious diseases: A systematic review of the role of wild animals with a focus on public health impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
MarliC Cupertino ◽  
MichelyB Resende ◽  
NicholasAJ Mayer ◽  
LorendaneM Carvalho ◽  
Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Public Health Impact ◽  
Wild Animals

Cancer prevention

2016 ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
Sarah E.B. Goltz ◽  
Julian Lob-Levyt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
B Virus ◽  
To Come ◽  
Improve Access ◽  
Potential Public Health

This chapter describes the increasingly critical role of cancer vaccines in preventing, and potentially even treating, cancers in all resource settings. At this time, there are three cancer vaccines, two of which protect against cancer-causing viruses—hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human papillomavirus (HPV); the third is an immunostimulant treatment virus for late-stage prostate cancer. Few advances in medicine and public health have had as substantial an impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide as vaccines. The potential public health impact of cancer vaccines is particularly significant in developing countries, where limited resources make prevention, screening, and disease management especially challenging. Numerous strategies are being employed to improve access to cancer vaccines in low- and middle-income settings. These efforts are beginning to demonstrate impact on cancer rates, indicating how innovative mechanisms may be used to expand access to HPV and other future cancer vaccines in the decades to come.

The role of prevention in common neurological disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 465-478
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Logroscino ◽  
Carol Brayne ◽  
Rosanna Tortelli
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
At Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Clinical Onset ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Population Strategy

Prevention is a fundamental part of medicine for populations and may be key to reduce the number of people at risk and with disease. The area of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) epidemiology is changing very rapidly because: (1) High prevalence of NDD due to the ageing of the general population. (2) Awareness that pathological changes leading to clinical expression are present decades before clinical onset. (3) Biomarkers may identify biological type and severity of neurodegeneration after and before the clinical onset of disease. In this scenario, which is leading to new definitions of disease and disease onset, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention may be also newly defined. A population strategy in which NDD onset is shifted to later ages has probably the greatest public health impact. Epidemiology, a pragmatic science with an integrated and multifocal approach, is strongly needed in the area of NDD prevention.

Cancer prevention

2016 ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
Sarah E.B. Goltz ◽  
Julian Lob-Levyt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
B Virus ◽  
To Come ◽  
Improve Access ◽  
Potential Public Health

This chapter describes the increasingly critical role of cancer vaccines in preventing, and potentially even treating, cancers in all resource settings. At this time, there are three cancer vaccines, two of which protect against cancer-causing viruses—hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human papillomavirus (HPV); the third is an immunostimulant treatment virus for late-stage prostate cancer. Few advances in medicine and public health have had as substantial an impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide as vaccines. The potential public health impact of cancer vaccines is particularly significant in developing countries, where limited resources make prevention, screening, and disease management especially challenging. Numerous strategies are being employed to improve access to cancer vaccines in low- and middle-income settings. These efforts are beginning to demonstrate impact on cancer rates, indicating how innovative mechanisms may be used to expand access to HPV and other future cancer vaccines in the decades to come.

HIV/AIDS, Advocacy and Anti-Discrimination Legislation—The Australian Response

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Neilsen ◽  
F J Young
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Disability Discrimination Act ◽  
Promotion Campaigns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

This paper will address the role of mass communication strategies in the reduction of HIV/AIDS discrimination in Australia. It will focus on the interdependence of mass communication and legislation in health promotion campaigns with particular reference to the Disability Discrimination Act 1992. This will be discussed in the context of other HIV/AIDS strategies in Australia. The public health impact of discrimination is explored in relation to HIV/AIDS and the role of anti-discrimination legislation is discussed. Public health legislation can serve as a symbolic reflection of public opinion or actively change it. Laws can transform the practices of both public and private institutions and thus decrease discrimination. They can also provide specific remedies for people adversely affected by discriminatory attitudes and practices. Mass communication can maximize the impact of legislation by promoting awareness of new laws and, more importantly, lead changes in the attitudes of the polity and the wider public.

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