Knowledge and Attitude Toward Lumbar Puncture Among Medina Population

Introduction: Lumbar puncture (LP) is one of the invasive procedures performed to obtain information about cerebrospinal fluid. It has diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for various neurological cases. Previous studies among different populations have indicated that there is a lack of research focusing on individuals’ knowledge and attitude toward LP. Patient who refuse LP may be exposed to unneeded hospital admission, or unnecessary empirical antibiotic treatment. A literature search found a lack of studies regarding LP knowledge and perception among Al-Medina residents. To address that gap, this study aimed at assessing the knowledge and attitude toward LP among the Al-Medina population. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults 18 years of age residing in Medina, Saudi Arabia. An online survey using a self-administrated questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, knowledge, and attitude questions was randomly distributed from January 2020 to August 2020. The questionnaire was pretested and validated (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.701). Result: A total of 512 participants were included: 51.3% of the participants were aged between 18 and 25 years; 85.5% were female; and 68.6% had a bachelor’s degree. Most participants (65.6%) showed a poor knowledge of LP. Of the total participants, 29.7% had a poor attitude toward LP, while 69.7% had a good attitude. A significant positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitude toward lumbar procedures (r = 0.186, p < 0.001). Respondents who received their information from a healthcare worker had the highest level of knowledge (p < 0.001). A positive significant correlation was found between attitude and age; younger participants had a better attitude (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study assessed the knowledge and attitude toward LP, and the relation between them which leads to a great impact on diagnosis and treatment. The study demonstrated that few participants had a previous experience with LP. There is a crucial need to know how these personal LP experiences affect the decisions and attitude toward LP in the future. The study also showed that the level of knowledge about LP is relatively poor among the public. The level of awareness should be raised to improve patient’s understanding toward LP. Interventions are needed to scale up the level of knowledge about LP. Some potential interventions include: intensifying health promotion campaigns, increasing involvement of physicians in patients’ education to improve knowledge, as well as maintaining the quality and reliability of information provided concerning LP and carrying out further research to evaluate the effect of intervention programs on the knowledge and attitude.

Engaging Latino Families About COVID-19 Vaccines: A Qualitative Study Conducted in Oregon, USA

Objectives Latinos are disproportionately vulnerable to severe COVID-19 due to workplace exposure, multigenerational households, and existing health disparities. Rolling out COVID-19 vaccines among vulnerable Latinos is critical to address disparities. This study explores vaccine perceptions of Latino families to inform culturally centered strategies for vaccine dissemination. Method Semistructured telephone interviews with Latino families (22 mothers and 24 youth, 13–18 years old) explored COVID-19 vaccine perceptions including (1) sources of information, (2) trust of vaccine effectiveness and willingness to get vaccinated, and (3) access to the vaccine distribution. We identified thematic patterns using immersion–crystallization. Results We found that (1) 41% expressed optimism and willingness to receive the vaccine coupled with concerns about side effects; (2) 45% expressed hesitancy or would refuse vaccination based on mistrust, myths, fear of being used as “guinea pigs,” and the perceived role of politics in vaccine development; (3) families “digested” information gathered from social media, the news, and radio through intergenerational communication; and (4) participants called for community-led advocacy and “leading by example” to dispel fear and misinformation. Optimistic participants saw the vaccine as a way to protect their families, allowing youth to return to schools and providing safer conditions for frontline essential workers. Conclusions Culturally centered vaccine promotion campaigns may consider the Latino family unit as their target audience by providing information that can be discussed among parents and youth, engaging a range of health providers and advocates that includes traditional practitioners and community health workers, and disseminating information at key venues, such as schools, churches, and supermarkets.

Nutrition Meets Social Marketing: Targeting Health Promotion Campaigns to Young Adults Using the Living and Eating for Health Segments

Young adults are a key target age group for lifestyle behaviour change as adoption of healthier behaviours has the potential to impact long term health. This paper arises from a multi-disciplinary research project, Communicating Health, which aims to bridge the gap between nutritionists, media, and social marketing professionals to produce the tools that may be used to improve engagement with young adults and reduce the prevalence of obesity. The aim of this paper is to provide nuanced details of the psycho-behavioral characteristics of each of these Living and Eating for Health Segments (LEHS). The design and validation of the LEHS employed a four-stage mixed methods design underpinned by the Integrated Model of Behaviour Change and incorporating sequential formative, qualitative, and quantitative phases. This paper defines the psycho-behavioural characteristics of six distinct market segments: Lifestyle Mavens, Aspirational Healthy Eaters, Balanced-all Rounders, the Health Conscious, those Contemplating Another Day, and the Blissfully Unconcerned. These psycho-behavioural characteristics are important to understand to help build our capability in designing campaigns that are specifically and purposefully targeting these different market segments of young adults. Social marketing practices can enhance the utility of nutrition and health messages to young adults in order to engage them in adopting positive lifestyle change. Tailoring health promotions to the perceived needs of sub-groups or segments of young adults should lead to increased engagement and uptake of messages and cost-efficient use of health promotion budgets.

Effect of Terrorism on the Performance of Tourism Industry. A Critical Literature Review

Purpose: Global Tourism destinations provide different products which satisfy tourists with different interests, needs and wants. The general objective of the study was to examine effect of terrorism on the performance of tourism industry. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study concludes relevant governments should face the fact that terrorist attacks provoke a substitution effect on destination choice behaviors. Tourists will replace destinations considered unsafe due to terrorist threats with others considered safer. The physical distance of the tourists' home countries and their cultural and socio-economic traits influence this replacement behavior. Given the randomness of terrorist attacks, relevant governments should be prepared to alter quickly their marketing strategy, namely their market targeting strategies and promotion campaigns to prevent substitution effect and lack low returns from the tourism industry Recommendations: The study recommends that relevant governments in dealing with the root causes of terrorism should also denounce the terrorists considering their acts as criminal acts just like others. The tourism stakeholders should increase efficiency in law enforcement, prosecution of terrorist suspects, by improving intelligence gathering and the police should be effectively trained to deal with terrorism incidences. The covert nature of terrorism often precludes an easy analysis of their capabilities or intent, therefore, giving them an advantage of lying in wait and striking when least expected; thus, the government counterterrorism should be proactive

Smoking Cessation Messages for Pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women: A Rapid Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature and Assessment of Research Translation of Media Content

This review summarized literature about knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women from Australia who smoke during pregnancy, then examined the extent that existing health promotion materials and media messages aligned with evidence on smoking cessation for pregnant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of pregnant Aboriginal women who smoke tobacco were identified in the literature. Health promotion campaigns were retrieved from a grey literature search with keywords and social and professional networks. Key themes from peer-reviewed papers were compared against the content of health promotion campaigns using the Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing Model, the Behavior Change Wheel and thematic analysis. Eleven empirical studies and 17 campaigns were included. Empirical studies highlighted women sought holistic care that incorporated nicotine replacement therapy, engaged with their family and community and the potential for education about smoking cessation to empower a woman. Health promotion campaigns had a strong focus on ‘engagement with family and community’, ‘knowledge of risks of smoking,’ ‘giving up vs cutting down’ and ‘culture in language and arts’. There were similarities and variances in the key themes in the research evidence and promotion materials. Topics highly aligned included risks from smoking and quitting related issues.

What is the effectiveness of community-based health promotion campaigns on chlamydia screening uptake in young people and what barriers and facilitators have been identified? A mixed-methods systematic review

BackgroundThe UK National Chlamydia Screening Programme uses an opportunistic approach. Many programmes use campaigns to raise awareness of chlamydia screening in young people. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of campaigns on uptake of chlamydia screening in young people.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of articles assessing the outcomes of community-based health-promotion campaigns to increase chlamydia screening in young people, their experiences of the campaigns and other facilitators and barriers to the conduct of the campaigns. We searched four databases for quantitative and qualitative studies with no language restrictions.Main resultsFrom 10 329 records identified, 19 studies (20 articles) were included in the review: 14 quantitative, 2 qualitative and 3 mixed methods. All studies with quantitative outcomes were before-after study designs or interrupted time series. The prediction interval for relative change (RC) in test counts ranged from 0.95 to 1.56, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 1.22 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.30, 13 studies, I2=97%). For test positivity rate, 95% prediction interval was 0.59 to 1.48, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 0.93 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.07, 8 studies, I2=91.8%). Large variation in characteristics between studies precluded exploring outcomes by type of campaign components. Seven major qualitative themes to improve screening were identified: targeting of campaigns; quality of materials and message; language; anonymity; use of technology; relevance; and variety of testing options.ConclusionsHealth promotion campaigns aiming to increase chlamydia testing in those aged 15–24 years may show some effectiveness in increasing overall numbers of tests, however numbers of positive tests do not follow the same trend. Qualitative findings indicate that campaigns require clear, relevant messaging that displays the full range of testing options and assures anonymity in order to be effective.

“Now I Feel That I Can Achieve Something”: Young Tanzanian Women’s Experiences of Empowerment by Participating in Health Promotion Campaigns

The United Nations (UN) emphasizes that health promotion, education, and empowerment of women are all goals that will help to end poverty. In eastern rural Tanzania, young women who dropped out of school now take an active part in health promotion campaigns in schools and villages through the youth program “Innovative and Productive Youth”, which is administered by the nongovernmental organization Hatua na Maendeleo (HAMA). The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how some of these young Tanzanian women experience participating in health promotion campaigns. A hermeneutic phenomenology design with focus group interviews was used. The study’s participants were nine young women between the ages of 18 and 23 who had participated in the youth program for one year. In addition, the participants were given the opportunity to provide written elaboration in Kiswahili after the interviews. The findings were analyzed from an empowerment perspective and revealed the benefits that the young women had experienced, which were expressed as three themes, i.e., my involvement in the campaigns (a) made me strong and confident, (b) made me become a role model, and (c) made me think that I can achieve something. Involvement in health promotion campaigns seemed to empower the young women by increasing their confidence and providing a feeling of self-efficacy. In addition, their health literacy increased, which appeared to have a ripple effect on their families, peers, and the local community. The findings from this study provide insight into the participants’ self-reported short-term effects. Moreover, with this study, it can be argued that by empowering individuals, community transformation can be seen as well.

Kredibilitas Influencer dalam Membentuk Kepercayaan Konsumen terhadap Brand

Advertising and promotion campaigns often involve influencers to deliver messages through the media to increase consumer trust in the brand. In addition, influencers have a level of credibility which has an impact on the level of trust in the brand. Zilingo is one of the fashion e-commerce brands on the online platform, which also takes advantage of influencers' credibility in their advertising campaign strategy. However, in entering the eMarket Platform, Zilingo as a new E-commerce platform is required to be able to build brand trust in order to compete with e-commerce brands that have previously existed as market leaders. Establishing trust in a brand is very important because Brand Trust is the main consideration for consumers to buy products. The research has several variables, namely Trustworthiness, Expertise, Similarity, Attractiveness as the independent variable and Brand Trust as the dependent variable. This research uses a quantitative approach and a positivist paradigm based on observations of social realities that occur. The research population is Zilingo consumers. The data collection technique is done by using non probability sampling. Based on the calculation of the sample formula, it is known that the number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The results showed that Trustworthiness, Expertise, Similarity, Attractiveness had a significant positive effect on Brand Trust. Abstrak. Kampanye periklanan dan promosi seringkali melibatkan influencer untuk mengantarkan pesan melalui media guna meningkatkan kepercayaan konsumen terhadap brand. Selain itu, Influencer memiliki tingkat kredibilitas yang berdampak pada tingkat kepercayaan terhadap brand. Zilingo merupakan salah satu fashion e-comerce brand pada Platform online, yang juga memanfaatkan kredibilitas influencer dalam strategi kampanye iklannya. Namun, dalam memasuki eMarket Platform, Zilingo sebagai new E-comerce dituntut mampu membangun kepercayaan brand agar dapat bersaing dengan e-comerce brand yang telah lebih dahulu ada sebagai market leader. Membentuk kepercayaan terhadap brand merupakan hal yang sangat penting karena Brand Trust menjadi pertimbangan utama konsumen untuk membeli produk. Dalam penelitian memiliki beberapa Variable yaitu Trustworthiness, Expertise, Similarity, Attractiveness sebagai Variable independent dan Brand Trust sebagai Variable dependent. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan paradigma positivism berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap realitas sosial yang terjadi. Populasi penelitian yaitu konsumen Zilingo. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan non probability sampling. Berdasarkan perhitungan rumus sampel diketahui bahwa jumlah sampel penelitian ini adalah 100 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Trustworthiness, Expertise, Similarity, Attractiveness memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap Brand Trust.

FEAR OF ADVERSE EFFECTS AND COVID-19 VACCINE HESITANCY; A REVIEW

The success of an immunisation programme is dependent on public understanding about vaccination benets and risks. It is critical to have a lot of knowledge about vaccine safety. Traditional vaccine development can take years, but nding a vaccine to prevent Covid- 19 has evolved into a race between viruses and people, and the discovery of other comparable strains has made it even more difcult. Vaccines can help your immune system learn how to ght against diseases. They can protect us from some illnesses and assist us in living more fullling lives. People get vaccines for protection, but they have no idea what vaccines do to the body or how they work to boost immunity. People are not well informed about immunisation and its benets and adverse effects, which is why they are concerned about the Covid-19 vaccine. The government should provide complete coverage knowledge and information about not just the benets but also the side effects of vaccines prior to immunisation through awareness programmes, organising campaigns, and other means, as well as through the development of vaccine promotion campaigns in schools.

Experiential learning in public health: evaluation of a health promotion campaign assessment for pharmacy students

Description: Students in small groups designed, delivered and evaluated real-life health promotion campaigns in the local community. A peer assessed component was included from the fifth cohort onwards. Evaluation: Six successive cohorts of pharmacy students anonymously completed an evaluation questionnaire after finishing the assessment. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were undertaken on the data. The results showed that consistently more respondents reported the assessment as a positive experience than a negative experience. Significantly more respondents reported peer assessment as being useful and group members equally contributing to campaign planning in the cohorts with peer assessment compared to the pre-peer assessment cohorts, but peer assessment did not significantly affect enjoyment ratings. Respondents’ reported enjoyment of the assessment was significantly associated with agreement that it prepared them for health promotion in practice. Conclusions: Pharmacy students perceived the health promotion campaign assessment as appropriately challenging and enjoyable preparation for health promotion in practice.