scholarly journals Epidemiological study on hand, foot and mouth disease in Tongzhou District, Beijing, 2013–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 2615-2625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Liu ◽  
Xiu-Mei Sun ◽  
Xiao-Wei Sun ◽  
Yu-Qing Yang ◽  
Cong-Hui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Tongzhou District ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Tongzhou District, Beijing between 2013 and 2017. Methods Data on HFMD infections from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 were collected from the Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reporting Information System and analysed. Serotyping of enteroviruses from samples from patients with HFMD was undertaken using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 15 341 patients with HFMD were reported and 32 patients (0.2%) were classified as having severe HFMD. The annual mean incidence rate of HFMD was 219.3/100 000 of the general population. The incidence and case-severity rates of HFMD generally decreased between 2013 and 2017. In the floating migrant population, the incidence and cases-severity rates of HFMD were significantly higher than in the local population. The peak incidence and severity-case rates were at 2 years of age and > 90% of patients were ≤5 years. Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 were the predominant pathogens in 2013–2017. Conclusions During the 5-year period 2013–2017, the incidence rate and case-severity rate of HFMD generally decreased in Tongzhou District, Beijing. The floating migrant population and children ≤5 years of age were at the highest risk of HFMD.

scholarly journals The Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Hangzhou, China, 2016 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 656-662
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Guoliang Xie ◽  
Shufa Zheng ◽  
Bin Lou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics ◽  
Selection Of

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is most frequently caused by several serotypes of human enterovirus (EV) including Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), or other types of EV. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD and to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of HFMD among severe and mild cases. We collected 4760 HFMD cases in Hangzhou from 2016 to 2018. Specimens from these cases were collected and tested for EV-A71, CV-A16, CV-A6, CV-A10, CV-A2, and CV-A5 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. From 2016 to 2018, the prevalence of HFMD was seasonal each year. Among the 4760 probable HFMD cases, 3559 cases were confirmed (74.8%), including 426 cases of EV-A71 infections (8.9%), 249 cases of CV-A16 infections (5.2%), and 2884 cases of other EV infections (60.6%). The percentage of other EV infections was more than 80%, which increased year by year. Random selection of samples for detection of other EV infections in 2017 and 2018, among the 1297 cases, showed there were 835 (64.4%) cases of CV-A6 infections, 177 (13.6%) cases of CV-A10 infections, 100 (7.7%) cases of CV-A2 infections, 40 (3.1%) cases of CV-A5 infections, 3 (0.02 %) cases of mixed infections, and 11.0% untyped EV infections. Preschool children were still the primary population susceptible to HFMD. In severe cases, EV-A71 infection was the main cause. Characterizing the epidemiology and the relationship between severe and common cases of HFMD would provide relevant evidences for the prevention and treatment of HFMD.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Shandong, China, 2009–2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Dapeng Sun ◽  
Shujun Ding ◽  
Michael J. Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Virulence of enterovirus-A71 fluctuates depending on the phylogenetic clade formed in the epidemic year and epidemic region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyousuke Kobayashi ◽  
Hidekazu Nishimura ◽  
Katsumi Mizuta ◽  
Tomoha Nishizawa ◽  
Son T. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Viral Virulence ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
A Minor

Although epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) have occurred worldwide, the Asia-Pacific region has seen large sporadic outbreaks with many severe neurological cases. This suggests that the virulence of the circulating viruses fluctuates in each epidemic and that HFMD outbreaks with many severe cases occur when highly virulent viruses are circulating predominantly, which has not been experimentally verified. Here, we analyzed 32 clinically isolated strains obtained in Japan from 2002 to 2013, along with 27 Vietnamese strains obtained from 2015 to 2016 that we characterized previously using human SCARB2 transgenic mice. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1 region classified them into five clades belonging to subgenogroup B5 (B5-I to B5-V) and five clades belonging to subgenogroup C4 (C4-I to C4-V) according to the epidemic year and region. Interestingly, the clade B5-I and B5-II were very virulent, while clades B5-III, B5-IV, and B5-V were less virulent. Clades C4-II, C4-III, C4-IV, and C4-V were virulent, while clade C4-I was not. The result experimentally showed for the first time that several clades with different virulence levels emerged one after another. The experimental virulence evaluation of circulating viruses using SCARB2 transgenic mice is helpful to assess potential risks of circulating viruses. These results also suggest that a minor nucleotide or amino acid substitution in the EV-A71 genome during circulation may cause fluctuations in virulence. The data presented herein may increase our understanding of the dynamics of viral virulence during epidemics. IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with severe enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) cases have occurred repeatedly, mainly in Asia. In severe cases, central nervous system complications can lead to death, making it an infectious disease of importance to public health. An unanswered question about this disease is why outbreaks of HFMD with many severe cases sometimes occur. Here, we collected EV-A71 strains that were prevalent in Japan and Vietnam over the past 20 years and evaluated their virulence in a mouse model of EV-A71 infection. This method clearly revealed that viruses belonging to different clades have different virulence, indicating that the method is powerful to assess the potential risks of the circulating viruses. The results also suggested that factors in the virus genome may potentially cause an outbreak with many severe cases and that further studies may facilitate the prediction of large epidemics of EV-A71 in the future.

scholarly journals Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Swine Meat Juice

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Sean Yeo ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Martin Nyachoti ◽  
Rolf Rauh ◽  
Johnny D. Callahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Meat Juice ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious agent that impacts livestock industries worldwide, leading to significant financial loss. Its impact can be avoided or minimized if the virus is detected early. FMDV detection relies on vesicular fluid, epithelial tags, swabs, serum, and other sample types from live animals. These samples might not always be available, necessitating the use of alternative sample types. Meat juice (MJ), collected after freeze-thaw cycles of skeletal muscle, is a potential sample type for FMDV detection, especially when meat is illegally imported. We have performed experiments to evaluate the suitability of MJ for FMDV detection. MJ was collected from pigs that were experimentally infected with FMDV. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from MJ, sera, oral swabs, and lymph nodes from the same animals and tested for FMDV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). MJ was also tested for FMDV antigen by Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFI). FMDV RNA was detected in MJ by rRT-PCR starting at one day post infection (DPI) and as late as 21 DPI. In contrast, FMDV RNA was detected in sera at 1–7 DPI. Antigen was also detected in MJ at 1–9 DPI by LFI. Live virus was not isolated directly from MJ, but was recovered from the viral genome by transfection into susceptible cells. The data show that MJ is a good sample type for FMDV detection.

scholarly journals Early Evidence of Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Impact Against Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in a Major Center of Ongoing Transmission in China, 2011–2018: A Longitudinal Surveillance Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R Head ◽  
Philip A Collender ◽  
Joseph A Lewnard ◽  
Nicholas K Skaff ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Vaccine Impact

Abstract Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), associated with severe manifestations of the disease. Pediatric immunization with inactivated EV71 vaccine was initiated in 2016 in the Asia-Pacific region, including China. We analyzed a time series of HFMD cases attributable to EV71, coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), and other enteroviruses in Chengdu, a major transmission center in China, to assess early impacts of immunization. Methods Reported HFMD cases were obtained from China’s notifiable disease surveillance system. We compared observed postvaccination incidence rates during 2017–2018 with counterfactual predictions made from a negative binomial regression and a random forest model fitted to prevaccine years (2011–2015). We fit a change point model to the full time series to evaluate whether the trend of EV71 HFMD changed following vaccination. Results Between 2011 and 2018, 279 352 HFMD cases were reported in the study region. The average incidence rate of EV71 HFMD in 2017–2018 was 60% (95% prediction interval [PI], 41%–72%) lower than predicted in the absence of immunization, corresponding to an estimated 6911 (95% PI, 3246–11 542) EV71 cases averted over 2 years. There were 52% (95% PI, 42%–60%) fewer severe HFMD cases than predicted. However, the incidence rate of non-CA16 and non-EV71 HFMD was elevated in 2018. We identified a significant decline in the trend of EV71 HFMD 4 months into the postvaccine period. Conclusions We provide the first real-world evidence that programmatic vaccination against EV71 is effective against childhood HFMD and present an approach to detect early vaccine impact or intended consequences from surveillance data.

scholarly journals Detection of hand, foot and mouth disease in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Machain-Williams ◽  
Alma R. Dzul-Rosado ◽  
Aarón B. Yeh-Gorocica ◽  
Katia G. Rodriguez-Ruz ◽  
Henry Noh-Pech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yucatan Peninsula ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Yucatán Peninsula ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Hands And Feet

We report a case of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in a 5-year-old male from Merida City in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. A clinical and physical examination revealed that the patient had symptoms typical of HFMD, including fever, fatigue, odynophagia, throat edema, hyperemia, lesions on the hands and feet, and blisters in the oral cavity. The patient fully recovered after a convalescence period of almost three weeks. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing revealed that the etiological agent was enterovirus 71 (EV71). The sequence has greatest (90.4%) nucleotide identity to the corresponding regions of EV71 isolates from the Netherlands and Singapore. Although HFMD is presumably common in Mexico, surprisingly there are no data in the PubMed database to support this. This case report provides the first peer-reviewed evidence of HFMD in Mexico.

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