Low-Level Automated Light-Duty Vehicle Technologies Provide Opportunities to Reduce Fuel Consumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (24) ◽  
pp. 60-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Vasebi ◽  
Yeganeh M. Hayeri ◽  
Constantine Samaras ◽  
Chris Hendrickson
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Aerodynamic Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Route Guidance ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

Gasoline is the main source of energy used for surface transportation in the United States. Reducing fuel consumption in light-duty vehicles can significantly reduce the transportation sector’s impact on the environment. Implementation of emerging automated technologies in vehicles could result in fuel savings. This study examines the effect of automated vehicle systems on fuel consumption using stochastic modeling. Automated vehicle systems examined in this study include warning systems such as blind spot warning, control systems such as lane keeping assistance, and information systems such as dynamic route guidance. We have estimated fuel savings associated with reduction of accident and non-accident-related congestion, aerodynamic force reduction, operation load, and traffic rebound. Results of this study show that automated technologies could reduce light-duty vehicle fuel consumption in the U.S. by 6% to 23%. This reduction could save $60 to $266 annually for the owners of vehicles equipped with automated technologies. Also, adoption of automated vehicles could benefit all road users (i.e., conventional vehicle drivers) up to $35 per vehicle annually (up to $6.2 billion per year).

scholarly journals Optimal and prototype dimensioning of 48V P0+P4 hybrid drivetrains

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Matthias Werra ◽  
Axel Sturm ◽  
Ferit Küçükay
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Machine ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This paper presents a virtual toolchain for the optimal concept and prototype dimensioning of 48 V hybrid drivetrains. First, this toolchain is used to dimension the drivetrain components for a 48 V P0+P4 hybrid which combines an electric machine in the belt drive of the internal combustion engine and a second electric machine at the rear axle. On an optimal concept level, the power and gear ratios of the electric components in the 48 V system are defined for the best fuel consumption and performance. In the second step, the optimal P0+P4 drivetrain is simulated with a prototype model using a realistic rule-based operating strategy to determine realistic behavior in legal cycles and customer operation. The optimal variant shows a fuel consumption reduction in the Worldwide harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle of 13.6 % compared to a conventional vehicle whereas the prototype simulation shows a relatively higher savings potential of 14.8 %. In the prototype simulation for customer operation, the 48 V hybrid drivetrain reduces the fuel consumption by up to 24.6 % in urban areas due to a high amount of launching and braking events. Extra-urban and highway areas show fuel reductions up to 11.6 % and 4.2 %, respectively due to higher vehicle speed and power requirements. The presented virtual toolchain can be used to combine optimal concept dimensioning with close to reality behaviour simulations to maximise realistic statements and minimize time effort.

scholarly journals Development of a fuel consumption measurement methodology for light duty vehicles in Colombia, based on metrology principles

DYNA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (212) ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Castillo Herrera ◽  
Juan Camilo López Restrepo ◽  
David Andrés Serrato Tobón ◽  
Juan Esteban Tibaquirá Giraldo ◽  
Sergio Andrés Carvajal Perdomo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Uncertainty In Measurement ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Uncertainty Model ◽  
Measurement Methodology ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles

In this study, a methodology to measure fuel consumption for light duty vehicles (LDV) in Colombia was elaborated based on existing methodologies from road transportation worldwide. This methodology was proposed as a tool for the evaluation of energy efficiency strategies applied to vehicles, as well as establishing the baseline for measurement, control, and regulation of consumption of fossil fuels based on metrological criteria. Additionally, the capacities for measurement within Colombia were analyzed, and procedures stated by the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America were adopted for measuring fuel consumption of LDV by gravimetric methods. An uncertainty model based on the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) was elaborated, and the contribution of different variables associated to the measurement process the instruments, the equipment, and the ambient conditions over the uncertainty of the measurand, were analyzed.

scholarly journals Investigation of the LTC fuel performance index for oxygenated reference fuel blends

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Evan Niemeyer ◽  
Shane Daly ◽  
William Cannella ◽  
Christopher Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Fuel Performance ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Octane Rating ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

A new metric for ranking the suitability of fuels in LTC engines was recently introduced, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the FTP-75 light-duty vehicle driving cycle. In the current study, this LTC fuel performance index was calculated computationally and analyzed for a number of fuel blends comprised of n-heptane, isooctane, toluene, and ethanol in various combinations and ratios corresponding to octane numbers from 0 to 100. In order to calculate the LTC index for each fuel, computational driving cycle simulations were first performed using a typical light-duty passenger vehicle, providing pairs of engine speed and load points. Separately, for each fuel blend considered, single-zone naturally aspirated HCCI engine simulations with a compression ratio of 9.5 were performed in order to determine the operating envelopes. These results were combined to determine the varying improvement in fuel economy offered by fuels, forming the basis for the LTC fuel index. The resulting fuel performance indices ranged from 36.4 for neat n-heptane (PRF0) to 9.20 for a three-component blend of n-heptane, isooctane, and ethanol (ERF1). For the chosen engine and chosen conditions, in general lower-octane fuels performed better, resulting in higher LTC fuel index values; however, the fuel performance index correlated poorly with octane rating for less-reactive, higher-octane fuels.

Water Intensity of Transportation Fuels: Water Projections for Fuel Adoption Rates of Light Duty Vehicles

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey W. King ◽  
Michael E. Webber ◽  
Ian J. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corporate Average Fuel Economy ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Increasing Demand

Worldwide demand for petroleum grows steadily every year due to increasing demand in the United States as well as countries with fast-growing economies such as China and India, where the populations are striving to attain higher standards of living and lifestyle. Concern over this increased demand for petroleum in light of worries about reliable supply and global climate change has resulted in the US government passing new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and a Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). The existing mandate in the US to blend ethanol into gasoline (approximately 15 billion gallons annually by 2015) had effectively committed 860 billion gallons of irrigation water in 2005 (approximately 2.4% of U.S. 2005 freshwater consumption) for producing fuel for the light duty vehicle (LDV) transportation sector. It is estimated that by 2030, nearly 2,700 billion gallons of water per year will be consumed and 4,700–6,400 billion gallons withdrawn to produce fuels used in LDVs. Irrigation for biofuels dominates the projected water usage for fuels production, but other alternatives to petroleum gasoline (coal to liquids, oil shale, and electricity via plug-in hybrid vehicles) will also contribute appreciably to future water consumption and withdrawal, especially on a regional level.

scholarly journals Model-based estimation of light-duty vehicle fuel economy at high altitude

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 168781401988625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Hao ◽  
Chunjie Wang ◽  
Hang Yin ◽  
Chunxiao Hao ◽  
Haohao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

In order to estimate the light-duty vehicle fuel economy at high-altitude areas, the coast-down tests of a passenger car on level road were conducted at different elevations, and the coast-down resistance coefficients were calculated. Furthermore, a fuel economy model for a light-duty vehicle adopting backward simulation method was developed, and it mainly consists of vehicle dynamic model, internal combustion engine model, transmission model, and differential model. The internal combustion engine model consists of the brake-specific fuel consumption maps as functions of engine torque and engine speed, and the brake-specific fuel consumption map near sea level was constructed based on engine experimental data, and the brake-specific fuel consumption maps at high altitudes were calculated by GT-Power Modeling of the internal combustion engine. The fuel consumption rate was calculated from the brake-specific fuel consumption maps and brake power and used to calculate the fuel economy of the light-duty vehicle. The model predicted fuel consumption data met well with the test results, and the model prediction errors are within 5%.

A Novel Fuel Performance Index for LTC Engines Based on Operating Envelopes in Light-Duty Driving Cycle Simulations

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle E. Niemeyer ◽  
Shane R. Daly ◽  
William J. Cannella ◽  
Christopher L. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Octane Number ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Low Temperature Combustion ◽  
Fuel Performance ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Hcci Engines ◽  
Temperature Combustion ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

Low-temperature combustion (LTC) engine concepts such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offer the potential of improved efficiency and reduced emissions of NOx and particulates. However, engines can only successfully operate in HCCI mode for limited operating ranges that vary depending on the fuel composition. Unfortunately, traditional ratings such as octane number poorly predict the autoignition behavior of fuels in such engine modes, and metrics recently proposed for HCCI engines have areas of improvement when wide ranges of fuels are considered. In this study, a new index for ranking fuel suitability for LTC engines was defined, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the FTP-75 light-duty vehicle driving cycle. Driving cycle simulations were performed using a typical light-duty passenger vehicle, providing pairs of engine speed and load points. Separately, single-zone naturally aspirated HCCI engine simulations were performed for a variety of fuels in order to determine the operating envelopes for each. These results were combined to determine the varying improvement in fuel economy offered by fuels, forming the basis for a fuel performance index. Results showed that, in general, lower octane fuels performed better, resulting in higher LTC fuel index values; however, octane number alone did not predict fuel performance.

scholarly journals Alternative-Fuel-Vehicle Policy Interactions Increase U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Jenn ◽  
Inês Azevedo ◽  
Jeremy Joseph Michalek
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle

The transportation sector is currently the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States, and light-duty vehicles produce the majority of transportation emissions. Federal standards for fleet-averaged vehicle GHG emission rates and their corresponding corporate average fuel economy standards cap GHG emissions of the US light-duty vehicle fleet. In addition, two key policies aim to encourage a future fleet transition to alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) technologies: (1) incentives that treat AFVs favorably in the federal GHG standard, and (2) state zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) policy, which mandates AFV sales in some states. While each of these AFV policies can encourage AFV adoption, we show that net GHG emissions increase when both policies are present simultaneously. Specifically, we estimate changes in life cycle GHG emissions and gasoline consumption, relative to a pure federal fleet GHG standard (without AFV incentives or mandates), resulting from the introduction of (1) AFV incentives in federal fleet GHG policy, (2) state ZEV mandates, and (3) the combination of the two. We find that under fairly general conditions the combined AFV policies produce higher GHG emissions than either policy alone. This result is a consequence of state mandates increasing AFV sales in the presence of federal incentives that relax the fleet GHG standard when AFVs are sold. Using AFV sales projections from the Energy Information Administration and the California Air Resources Board, we estimate that the combined policies produce an increase on the order of 100 million tons of CO2 emissions cumulatively for new passenger cars sold from 2012 through 2025 relative to a pure GHG standard. AFV incentives in the GHG standard conflate policy goals by encouraging AFV adoption at the cost of higher fleet GHG emissions, and they permit even higher fleet GHG emissions when other policies, such as the ZEV mandate, increase AFV adoption.

scholarly journals Estimation of Real-World Fuel Consumption Rate of Light-Duty Vehicles Based on the Records Reported by Vehicle Owners

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7915
Author(s):  
Isabella Yunfei Zeng ◽  
Shiqi Tan ◽  
Jianliang Xiong ◽  
Xuesong Ding ◽  
Yawen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
The Real ◽  
Fuel Consumption Rate ◽  
Light Gradient ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles ◽  
Engine Power

Private vehicle travel is the most basic mode of transportation, so that an effective way to control the real-world fuel consumption rate of light-duty vehicles plays a vital role in promoting sustainable economic growth as well as achieving a green low-carbon society. Therefore, the factors impacting individual carbon emissions must be elucidated. This study builds five different models to estimate the real-world fuel consumption rate of light-duty vehicles in China. The results reveal that the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model performs better than the linear regression, naïve Bayes regression, neural network regression, and decision tree regression models, with a mean absolute error of 0.911 L/100 km, a mean absolute percentage error of 10.4%, a mean square error of 1.536, and an R-squared (R2) value of 0.642. This study also assesses a large pool of potential factors affecting real-world fuel consumption, from which the three most important factors are extracted, namely, reference fuel-consumption-rate value, engine power, and light-duty vehicle brand. Furthermore, a comparative analysis reveals that the vehicle factors with the greatest impact are the vehicle brand, engine power, and engine displacement. The average air pressure, average temperature, and sunshine time are the three most important climate factors.

scholarly journals Forensic Engineering Analysis of Fuel Usage and Thermostat Settings

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Certuse
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Engineering Analysis ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Fuel Delivery ◽  
Forensic Case ◽  
Forensic Engineering

According to the Insurance Institute, frozen pipes are one of the leading causes of building damage in the United States. In the forensic engineering analysis of building damage due to burst pipes, fuel tank runout orexcessive thermostat setback are common causes of these losses — and may lead to a fuel provider being culpable for a late fuel delivery or the property owner being responsible due to excessively turning down thermostat settings. This paper will address the relationship between thermostat settings and fuel consumption. From abuilding’s demonstrated fuel consumption and known thermostat settings, corresponding changes in thermostat settings and the resulting fuel consumption will be discussed. Department Of Energy adjustments for fuel savings in relation to thermostat setback will be discussed as well as a fuel usage study in an exemplar home. Forensic case examples utilizing this relationship will also be presented.

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