Optimal and prototype dimensioning of 48V P0+P4 hybrid drivetrains

Abstract This paper presents a virtual toolchain for the optimal concept and prototype dimensioning of 48 V hybrid drivetrains. First, this toolchain is used to dimension the drivetrain components for a 48 V P0+P4 hybrid which combines an electric machine in the belt drive of the internal combustion engine and a second electric machine at the rear axle. On an optimal concept level, the power and gear ratios of the electric components in the 48 V system are defined for the best fuel consumption and performance. In the second step, the optimal P0+P4 drivetrain is simulated with a prototype model using a realistic rule-based operating strategy to determine realistic behavior in legal cycles and customer operation. The optimal variant shows a fuel consumption reduction in the Worldwide harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle of 13.6 % compared to a conventional vehicle whereas the prototype simulation shows a relatively higher savings potential of 14.8 %. In the prototype simulation for customer operation, the 48 V hybrid drivetrain reduces the fuel consumption by up to 24.6 % in urban areas due to a high amount of launching and braking events. Extra-urban and highway areas show fuel reductions up to 11.6 % and 4.2 %, respectively due to higher vehicle speed and power requirements. The presented virtual toolchain can be used to combine optimal concept dimensioning with close to reality behaviour simulations to maximise realistic statements and minimize time effort.

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Highest efficiency and ultra low emission – internal combustion engine 4.0

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-2020-102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 180 (1) ◽

pp. 8-16

Author(s):

Hubert FRIEDL ◽

Günter Fraidl ◽

Paul Kapus

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

And Performance

In the future, the simultaneous reduction of pollutant and CO2 emissions will require significantly enhanced powertrain functionalities that cannot only be adequately represented by the ICE (internal combustion engine) alone. Both automated transmissions and especially powertrain electrification can help to meet efficiently those extended requirements. The extended functionalities are no longer applied exclusively with the ICE itself ("Fully Flexible Internal Combustion Engine"), but distributed across the entire powertrain ("Fully Flexible Powertrain"). In addition, the powertrain will be fully networked with the vehicle environment and thus will utilize all data that are useful for emission and consumption-optimized operation of the ICE. Combustion engine and electrification often complement each other in a synergetic way. This makes it extremely sensible for the combustion engine to evolve in future from a "single fighter" to a "team player". If one compares the requirements of such an ICE with the definition of Industry 4.0, then there are extensive correspondences. Thus, it seems quite opportune to call such a fully networked combustion engine designed to meet future needs as “Internal Combustion Engine 4.0 (ICE 4.0)”. This even more so, as such a name can also be derived from the history: e.g. ICE 1.0 describes the combustion engines of the first mass-produced vehicles, ICE 2.0 the combustion engines emission-optimized since the 1960s and ICE 3.0 the highly optimized "Fully Flexible Combustion Engine", which currently offers a high torque and performance potential combined with low fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. In addition to further improvements in fuel consumption, the "Combustion Engine 4.0" offers such a low level of pollutant emissions that can best be described as "Zero Impact Emission". This means that such future ICE´s will no longer have a negative impact on the imission situation in urban areas. With the e-fuels topic, the ICE also has the potential to become both CO2- and pollutant-neutral in the medium and long term. This means that the ICE – also in passenger cars – will continue to be an essential and necessary cornerstone for future powertrain portfolios for the next decades.

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Powertrain Waste Heat Recovery: A Systems Approach to Maximize Drivetrain Efficiency

ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/ices2012-81160 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Kevin Laboe ◽

Marcello Canova

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Waste Heat Recovery ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Heat Energy ◽

Engine Oils ◽

Engine Cooling ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

Up to 65% of the energy produced in an internal combustion engine is dissipated to the engine cooling circuit and exhaust gases [1]. Therefore, recovering a portion of this heat energy is a highly effective solution to improve engine and drivetrain efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions, with existing vehicle and powertrain technologies [2,3]. This paper details a practical approach to the utilization of powertrain waste heat for light vehicle engines to reduce fuel consumption. The “Systems Approach” as described in this paper recovers useful energy from what would otherwise be heat energy wasted into the environment, and effectively distributes this energy to the transmission and engine oils thus reducing the oil viscosities. The focus is on how to effectively distribute the available powertrain heat energy to optimize drivetrain efficiency for light duty vehicles, minimizing fuel consumption during various drive cycles. To accomplish this, it is necessary to identify the available powertrain heat energy during any drive cycle and cold start conditions, and to distribute this energy in such a way to maximize the overall efficiency of the drivetrain.

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The WLTC vs NEDC: A Case Study on the Impacts of Driving Cycle on Engine Performance and Fuel Consumption

International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.15282/ijame.18.3.2021.19.0696 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 9071-9081

Author(s):

Jakub Lasocki

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Driving Cycle ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Pollutant Emission ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicles

The World-wide harmonised Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC) was developed internationally for the determination of pollutant emission and fuel consumption from combustion engines of light-duty vehicles. It replaced the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) used in the European Union (EU) for type-approval testing purposes. This paper presents an extensive comparison of the WLTC and NEDC. The main specifications of both driving cycles are provided, and their advantages and limitations are analysed. The WLTC, compared to the NEDC, is more dynamic, covers a broader spectrum of engine working states and is more realistic in simulating typical real-world driving conditions. The expected impact of the WLTC on vehicle engine performance characteristics is discussed. It is further illustrated by a case study on two light-duty vehicles tested in the WLTC and NEDC. Findings from the investigation demonstrated that the driving cycle has a strong impact on the performance characteristics of the vehicle combustion engine. For the vehicles tested, the average engine speed, engine torque and fuel flow rate measured over the WLTC are higher than those measured over the NEDC. The opposite trend is observed in terms of fuel economy (expressed in l/100 km); the first vehicle achieved a 9% reduction, while the second – a 3% increase when switching from NEDC to WLTC. Several factors potentially contributing to this discrepancy have been pointed out. The implementation of the WLTC in the EU will force vehicle manufacturers to optimise engine control strategy according to the operating range of the new driving cycle.

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Low-Level Automated Light-Duty Vehicle Technologies Provide Opportunities to Reduce Fuel Consumption

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118796401 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (24) ◽

pp. 60-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Saeed Vasebi ◽

Yeganeh M. Hayeri ◽

Constantine Samaras ◽

Chris Hendrickson

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Aerodynamic Force ◽

The United States ◽

Route Guidance ◽

Conventional Vehicle ◽

Automated Vehicle ◽

Fuel Savings ◽

Light Duty ◽

Vehicle Systems ◽

Light Duty Vehicle

Gasoline is the main source of energy used for surface transportation in the United States. Reducing fuel consumption in light-duty vehicles can significantly reduce the transportation sector’s impact on the environment. Implementation of emerging automated technologies in vehicles could result in fuel savings. This study examines the effect of automated vehicle systems on fuel consumption using stochastic modeling. Automated vehicle systems examined in this study include warning systems such as blind spot warning, control systems such as lane keeping assistance, and information systems such as dynamic route guidance. We have estimated fuel savings associated with reduction of accident and non-accident-related congestion, aerodynamic force reduction, operation load, and traffic rebound. Results of this study show that automated technologies could reduce light-duty vehicle fuel consumption in the U.S. by 6% to 23%. This reduction could save $60 to $266 annually for the owners of vehicles equipped with automated technologies. Also, adoption of automated vehicles could benefit all road users (i.e., conventional vehicle drivers) up to $35 per vehicle annually (up to $6.2 billion per year).

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Model-based estimation of light-duty vehicle fuel economy at high altitude

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/1687814019886252 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 168781401988625 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lijun Hao ◽

Chunjie Wang ◽

Hang Yin ◽

Chunxiao Hao ◽

Haohao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fuel Economy ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Specific Fuel Consumption ◽

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽

Engine Model ◽

Light Duty ◽

Light Duty Vehicle

In order to estimate the light-duty vehicle fuel economy at high-altitude areas, the coast-down tests of a passenger car on level road were conducted at different elevations, and the coast-down resistance coefficients were calculated. Furthermore, a fuel economy model for a light-duty vehicle adopting backward simulation method was developed, and it mainly consists of vehicle dynamic model, internal combustion engine model, transmission model, and differential model. The internal combustion engine model consists of the brake-specific fuel consumption maps as functions of engine torque and engine speed, and the brake-specific fuel consumption map near sea level was constructed based on engine experimental data, and the brake-specific fuel consumption maps at high altitudes were calculated by GT-Power Modeling of the internal combustion engine. The fuel consumption rate was calculated from the brake-specific fuel consumption maps and brake power and used to calculate the fuel economy of the light-duty vehicle. The model predicted fuel consumption data met well with the test results, and the model prediction errors are within 5%.

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Development of a virtual bench for the analysis of the physical processes of internal combustion engines

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2102/1/012013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2102 (1) ◽

pp. 012013

Author(s):

J P Rojas Suárez ◽

J A Pabón León ◽

M S Orjuela Abril

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Maximum Deviation ◽

Pressure Curve ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

And Performance

Abstract Currently, internal combustion engines face the challenge of reducing fuel consumption and reducing polluting emissions due to their significant impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use tools that allow us to evaluate the operating characteristics of this type of thermal machines. In the present investigation, the development of a virtual bench was proposed for the analysis of the behavior and performance characteristics of an internal combustion engine for use as a learning tool in higher education students. From the results obtained, it could be demonstrated that the pressure curves of the combustion chamber and the rate of heat release obtained by means of the virtual bench presented a high concordance with the experimental records. The maximum deviation obtained was 5% and 15% for the pressure curve and the heat release rate. Comparing the performance parameters of the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine and energy efficiency, a maximum deviation of 2.96% was shown compared to the real engine. In general, the virtual development bank can describe the behavior of the engine, allowing the characterization of physical phenomena, as well as evaluating the effect of auxiliary technologies such as turbo-compression systems.

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Reducing Emission of Harmful Toxic Substances by Trucks in the Aspect of Analysis of Selected Vehicle Operating Parameters and Human Factor

Journal of KONES ◽

10.2478/kones-2019-0077 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 227-234

Author(s):

Agnieszka Aleksandra Szokało ◽

Marcin Rychter

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Rotational Speed ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Constant Factor ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Vehicle Speed ◽

Harmful Substances

Abstract Digital tachographs as devices recording the work of a lorry and driver’s work are a constant factor in the work of a professional driver. It is therefore important to preserve the security of recording and storing electronic information. In this matter, cryptography also becomes an inseparable field of science. The control services set up to conduct roadside inspections do not detect all violations in the recording devices by encrypting information in information systems. One of the frequent vehicle operating parameters that can be falsified are the speed of the vehicle and its rotational speed, as well as the time and efficiency of the driver’s work. These parameters affect the amount of fuel consumption. The reduction of fuel consumption translates directly to the reduction of harmful substances emitted by the car to the environment. Variable compression engines are becoming the future of motoring in the case of internal combustion engines. It is noticeable that there are more frequent deliberate of regulations; and more violations rules concerning the proper functioning of recording devices by recording driver activity. Current methods of preventing violations are insufficient. The article points out the violations related to the actual rotational speed of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine in relation to the vehicle speed profile, which is directly related to the fuel consumption and the emission of harmful substances. The article describes the ways to reduce fuel consumption, of which the correct driving technique is important in addition to the previously marked parameters. The factors that increase the awareness of professional drivers in the aspect of proper driving techniques are described.

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Series Plug in Hybrid Vehicle for Urban Driving Cycle

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.510 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 663 ◽

pp. 510-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Agus Mujianto ◽

Muhammad Nizam ◽

Inayati

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽

Gasoline Engine ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Driving Cycle ◽

Drive Cycle ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Driving Cycles ◽

Study Performance

Urban area is the center of activities. Many people use the vehicle to cover the distance toward their activities places. In order to support the activities a large number of vehicles are moving in urban areas. Consequently, the consumption of fuel will increase from time to time and oil price has increased due to higher of demands. Thus, a plugin hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is proven as one of the best practical applications for transportation in order to reduce fuel consumption. One of the types of PHEV is a series PHEV (SPHEV). SPHEV is the simplest type of PHEV but still having higher efficiency of fuel than an internal combustion engine vehicle. This study was focused to discuss on the ability of SPHEV for covering distance and velocity of the urban drive cycle. Three driving cycles namely new European drive cycle (NEDC), extra urban driving cycle (EUDC), and EPA highway fuel economy cycle (HWFET) were used for the simulation using ADVISOR software to study performance of SPHEV. To achieve the best performance of SPHEV, the control strategy based on an artificial intelligence was purposed. The simulation was done by using SPHEV which consisted of15 kW battery, 41 kW engine, and 41 kW DC motor. The performance of SPHEV (fuel consumption and emission) was then compared to a gasoline engine vehicle (GEV). The results showed that SPHEV consumed less fuel and generated less emission during performing all drive cycles.

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Effect of boosting system architecture and thermomechanical limits on diesel engine performance: Part-I—Steady-state operation

International Journal of Engine Research ◽

10.1177/1468087417731654 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 854-872

Author(s):

José Galindo ◽

Hector Climent ◽

Olivier Varnier ◽

Chaitanya Patil

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Engine Performance ◽

Efficiency Optimization ◽

Engine Model ◽

Steady State Operation ◽

Base Engine ◽

And Performance ◽

The Impact ◽

Engine Development

Internal combustion engine developments are more focused on efficiency optimization and emission reduction for the upcoming future. To achieve these goals, technologies like downsizing and downspeeding are needed to be developed according to the requirement. These modifications on thermal engines are able to reduce fuel consumption and [Formula: see text] emission. However, implementation of these kind of technologies asks for right and efficient charging systems. This article consists of study of different boosting systems and architectures (single- and two-stage) with combination of different charging systems like superchargers and e-boosters. A parametric study is carried out with a zero-dimensional engine model to analyze and compare the effects of these different architectures on the same base engine. The impact of thermomechanical limits, turbo sizes and other engine development option characterizations are proposed to improve fuel consumption, maximum power and performance of the downsized/downspeeded diesel engines.

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