Application of Novel Recovery Techniques to Enhance the Resilience of Transportation Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Alice Alipour ◽  
Laura Coronel
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Accelerated Bridge Construction ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Rapid Restoration

Resilience is an important characteristic of the transportation system. It reflects the network’s ability to mitigate shocks, provide alternatives, and rapidly recover to a target performance level. Earthquakes can cause the transportation network to experience severe disruptions that significantly reduce network resilience. To prevent long-term closures after earthquakes, the development of innovative approaches for their rapid restoration is necessary. This paper uses the recent developments in accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques as a means to enhance the rapid recovery of the system. ABC techniques often come with increased initial construction costs. In most cases, the additional cost is offset by the improvement of the network performance. To examine the efficiency of ABC techniques on the rapid recovery and on the network performance after earthquakes, the direct and indirect costs during the entire recovery period were analyzed and the relationship between network recovery time and network performance was estimated under different construction techniques. Additionally, the effect of using the incentive method to reduce the repair time was studied. The results show that the use of ABC techniques and the incentive method have great potential to minimize the transportation network’s indirect losses, improve network performance, increase the network’s resilience by decreasing recovery time, and justify the additional initial costs associated with these techniques.

Recovery of ectomycorrhizal fungi after exposure to subfreezing temperatures

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (17) ◽  
pp. 1845-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. France ◽  
M. L. Cline ◽  
C. P. P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Growth Recovery ◽  
Recovery Times

Seventy-three isolates of eighteen ectomycorrhizal fungi were examined for their growth recovery after a 48-h exposure to −10 °C. Survival of all isolates was 97%. Recovery time to active growth varied between species and within species. Of surviving isolates, 72% initiated growth in less than 2 weeks after thawing. Growth rate was not affected for isolates exhibiting rapid recovery but was significantly lowered for isolates with recovery times of more than 5 weeks. Variation in growth form occurred with some species of Suillus and Xerocomus.

scholarly journals An Investigation into Factors Influencing Construction Costs Based on Japanese, UK and US Contractor Practice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Hong Xiao ◽  
David Proverbs
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Site Design ◽  
The Uk

Construction cost is a major concern to both clients and contractors. Based on a hypotheticalconstruction project (a six-storey concrete framed office building), cost and otherrelated information was collected through a survey of contractors in Japan, the UK and theUS. Using multiple regression analysis it was found that lower overheads, less prefabricatedcomponents, and fewer design variations could reduce construction cost. Overheadslargely represent indirect costs to contractors and if reduced can lead to increased profitlevels and improved competitiveness. The use of prefabricated components may be problematicwhere there are delays in production, insufficient coordination between design andconstruction, and congested transportation on site. Design variations during constructionbring about uncertainties and are disruptive to the construction process. These factorshave paramount impact on construction cost and demand close attention and consideration.Contractors are advised to reduce the costs of their overheads and utilise prefabricationappropriately, while clients and designers should minimise the number of designvariations during construction if better cost performance is desired.

Beamforming for Relay Assisted MIMO

2017 ◽  
pp. 363-397
Author(s):  
Abdul Sattar Saand ◽  
Varun Jeoti ◽  
Mohamad Naufal Mohamad Saad
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Ergodic Capacity ◽  
Mimo Channel ◽  
Amplify And Forward ◽  
Relay Nodes ◽  
Mimo Networks ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Network Topologies

In cellular wireless communication systems, the current and future networks are promising to provide multimedia services at the cell edges and beyond the cell boundaries efficiently and cost effectively. The relay assisted MIMO networks have got much attraction to meet the requirements by providing high capacity, link reliability and high quality of service. The performance of the relay assisted networks is maximized by making the use of beamforming design at the relay nodes. This chapter describes the recent developments in relay beamforming design for Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relay networks and introduces a new beamforming scheme to improve the network performance in terms of ergodic capacity. The chapter contributes in introduction to basic MIMO channel, various relaying strategies and introduction to relay assisted network topologies. It is followed by critical literature review on AF beamforming techniques. This leads towards the novel and efficient relay beamforming design, its performance evaluation and validity by comparing with various available beamforming techniques.

The Effect of Recovery Time on Strength Performance Following a High-Intensity Bench Press Workout in Males and Females

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Judge ◽  
Jeanmarie R. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Recovery Times

Purpose:To determine the effects of training sessions, involving high-resistance, low-repetition bench press exercise, on strength recovery patterns, as a function of gender and training background.Methods:The subjects were 12 athletes (6 males and 6 females) and age-matched college students of both genders (4 males and 4 females). The subjects completed a 3-wk resistance training program involving a bench press exercise, 3 d/wk, to become familiar with the testing procedure. After the completion of the resistance training program, the subjects, on three consecutive weeks, participated in two testing sessions per week, baseline session and recovery session. During the testing sessions, subjects performed fve sets of the bench press exercise at 50% to 100% of perceived fve repetition maximum (5-RM). Following the weekly baseline sessions, subjects rested during a 4-, 24-, or 48-h recovery period. Strength measurements were estimates of one repetition maximum (1-RM), using equivalent percentages for the number of repetitions completed by the subject at the perceived 5-RM effort of the bench press exercise.Results:The full-factorial ANOVA model revealed a Gender by Recovery Period by Testing Session interaction effect, F(2, 32) = 10.65; P < .05. Among male subjects, decreases in estimated 1-RM were detected at the 4- and 24-h recovery times. There were no differences in muscle strength among the female subjects, regardless of recovery time.Conclusions:For bench press exercises, using different recovery times of 48 h for males and 4 h for females may optimize strength development as a function of gender.

Study on Park and Ride Locating Based on Transportation Demand Management

2014 ◽  
Vol 1030-1032 ◽  
pp. 2254-2259
Author(s):  
Jin De Cai ◽  
Ke Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Urban Transportation ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Transportation Management ◽  
Transportation Demand ◽  
Park And Ride

With the increasingly serious problem of urban traffic congestion, more attention is focused on the Park and Ride (P&R) schemes based on urban transportation demand (TDM) management. The P&R locating research, as an important part of the scheme, plays an important role to strengthen the transportation management. On the basis of identifying all the potential P&R locations, and from the macroscopic perspective of urban transportation network, this paper establishes a model of P&R locating in order to minimize their construction costs as well as the total transportation costs. Example analysis is finally carried out with the help of Lingo software, thus testifying the validity of this research.

Preconditioning of ischemic myocardium: reperfusion-induced arrhythmias

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (6) ◽  
pp. H1470-H1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shiki ◽  
D. J. Hearse
Keyword(s):  
Ventricular Tachycardia ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Regional Ischemia ◽  
Progressive Return ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Period

Hearts of anesthetized rats (n = 12 in each of 7 groups) were subjected to 5 min of regional ischemia; on reperfusion, 100% exhibited ventricular tachycardia (VT), 83% ventricular fibrillation (VF), and the mean total number of premature ventricular complexes (PVC) was 681 +/- 220. Hearts were then reverted to sinus rhythm and allowed to "recover" for 10, 20, 30, 60, 120 min, 1 or 3 days; they were again subjected to 5 min of ischemia and reperfusion. With recovery periods of 10 and 20 min a second episode of ischemia and reperfusion resulted in very few arrhythmias: 0% VF in both instances, 17 and 8% VT, and only 4 +/- 3 and 9 +/- 5 PVC, respectively. As the recovery period increased to 3 days there was a progressive return of vulnerability to reperfusion-induced arrhythmias. However, this return was slow, such that with a recovery time of 60 min, only 33% of hearts fibrillated. In additional studies, hearts were subjected to 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, or 5 min of regional ischemia, 10 min of reperfusion, 5 min of ischemia, and a second period of reperfusion. The vulnerability to arrhythmias during the second period of reperfusion was found to correlate inversely with the incidence of arrhythmias elicited by the first episode of reperfusion. We propose that a very short period of ischemia and reperfusion "preconditions" the myocardium so as to influence the vulnerability of the heart to subsequent reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, and that "recovery" from this effect can take a substantial period of time.

scholarly journals Significance of Membranous Urethral Length for Recovery From Postoperative Urinary Incontinence Following Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-364
Author(s):  
Shintaro Oka ◽  
Keita Kobayashi ◽  
Kenji Matsuda ◽  
Kimio Takai
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Holmium Laser ◽  
Fast Spin Echo ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Laser Enucleation ◽  
Holmium Laser Enucleation

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the significance of the membranous urethral length (MUL), including the thickness of the urethral sphincter, for recovery from postoperative stress urinary incontinence (SUI) following holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP).Methods: We analyzed 78 patients who underwent HoLEP between June 2013 and September 2018, all of whom preoperatively received magnetic resonance imaging. MUL was measured using sagittal T2-weighted fast spin-echo images. The clinical and anatomical factors associated with MUL were evaluated. The recovery time of urinary incontinence was compared between patients with a long MUL (≥14 mm) and a short MUL (<14 mm). SUI included both stress and mixed urinary incontinence. Continence was defined as complete dryness.Results: The median MUL in patients without incontinence at 1 month postoperatively was significantly longer than the MUL in patients with incontinence (15.3 mm vs. 12.7 mm, P<0.001). The continence rates at 1 month after HoLEP in patients with longer MULs and shorter MULs were 80.4% and 30.0%, respectively. The recovery time of urinary incontinence in patients with longer MULs (≥14 mm) was significantly shorter than that in patients with shorter MULs (<14 mm) (log-rank test, P=0.001). After 6 months, the continence rates in patients with longer MULs and shorter MULs were similar (97%). MUL was significantly correlated with the recovery period of urinary incontinence (r=-0.459, P<0.001).Conclusions: MUL was useful for predicting early recovery from urinary incontinence following HoLEP. This study provides evidence that postoperative urinary incontinence following a transurethral procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia was associated with anatomical factors. A long MUL was associated with better tolerance to urinary sphincter damage by the transurethral procedure.

Multi-Step Heuristic Method for Bus Terminal Location Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (10) ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Zamanian ◽  
Farideddin Peiravian
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Location Problem ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Node Connectivity ◽  
Increasing Demand

Bus terminals are one of the main facilities that have a key role in the collection and distribution of passengers within an urban transportation network. The location of a bus terminal strongly affects its performance. Owing to the increasing demand, it is sometimes necessary to add a new bus terminal to the existing urban bus network. Finding a proper location, however, is a challenge that is influenced by different transportation and socio-economic considerations, which in turn affects the surrounding land-use and traffic patterns. In this paper, a new multi-step heuristic method is proposed for the bus terminal location problem to identify a new bus terminal location based on the existing network as well as other transportation considerations and constraints. This is achieved by identifying the existing bus stops that have the greatest potential to be turned into a bus terminal. Other factors taken into consideration are the locations of the existing bus terminals, adjacent land-use, construction costs, node connectivity, and system accessibility. Owing to the multi-objective nature of the problem, a goal programming approach is used to formulate the objective function. To evaluate the proposed model, it was applied to the city of Shiraz in Iran. The results show that the model can provide acceptable and reliable outcomes.

scholarly journals Analysis of Transportation Network Vulnerability and Resilience within an Urban Agglomeration: Case Study of the Greater Bay Area, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7410
Author(s):  
Mingyu Chen ◽  
Huapu Lu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Transportation Networks ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Targeted Attacks

Recently, urban agglomerations have become the main platform of China’s economic development. As one of those, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) has an important strategic position in national blueprints. Its amazing achievement is inseparable from reliable and resilient transportation networks. With the aim of improving the sustainability of the GBA, this paper presents a novel view of vulnerability and resilience of integrated transportation networks within an urban agglomeration. According to complex network theory, the integrated transportation network model of the GBA was established. Various scenarios were considered to improve the overall level of defensive ability, including random failures, targeted attacks and natural hazards. Vulnerability and resilience assessment models were developed to investigate the influences on the whole network. Finally, a simulation analysis was conducted on the GBA to examine the variations in network performance when faced with different attack scenarios. The results indicate that the transportation network of the GBA is more vulnerable and has less resilience to targeted attacks, while natural hazards had little influence on the performance, to a certain extent. Moreover, the betweenness recovery strategy seemed to be the best choice for every attack scenario.

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