Testing an Automated Collision Avoidance and Emergency Braking System for Buses

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (4) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Heidi H. Soule ◽  
Skip Huck ◽  
Andrew Krum ◽  
Yinhai Wang ◽  
Ruimin Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Smart Transportation ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Project Data ◽  
Transportation Applications

In 2017 the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) awarded Pierce Transit of Lakewood, WA a $1.66 million grant for a bus collision avoidance and mitigation safety research and demonstration project. The project scope includes installation of an advanced technology package, the Pedestrian Avoidance Safety System (PASS) that uses lidar sensors to trigger an automated deceleration and braking system. An “alpha testing” phase included shipping a Pierce Transit bus to Blacksburg, VA for closed-course testing of PASS on Virginia Tech Transportation Institute’s (VTTI’s) Smart Road facility. In addition, VTTI developed a system to observe, measure, and analyze passenger motion during braking events. Following completion of testing at VTTI, the bus will be returned to Pierce Transit. Together with three additional buses currently being outfitted with PASS, all four will be equipped with Transit Event Logging System (TELS) video processers developed by University of Washington’s Smart Transportation Applications & Research (STAR) Lab to analyze PASS accuracy for “false positives” and “false negatives.” Upon successful completion of in-service engineering testing of the initial four buses, an additional 26 buses will be equipped with PASS and all 30 will be monitored using telematics for a year-long demonstration. This paper discusses project background and organization, describes the PASS being tested, provides an overview of the alpha testing, describes project data collection processes, and reviews the criteria and metrics being used to evaluate the system. The paper concludes with observations about lessons learned to date.

Risk Mitigation Planning for Revenue Service Testing of Bus Automated Emergency Braking

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812098585
Author(s):  
Heidi H. Soule ◽  
Adam Davis ◽  
Andrew Krum ◽  
Yinhai Wang ◽  
Ruimin Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Executive Management ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Service Testing ◽  
Transit Buses ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Road Testing

In 2017, the Federal Transit Administration awarded Pierce Transit of Lakewood, WA, a $1.66 m grant for a bus collision avoidance and mitigation safety research and demonstration project. The project scope includes installation of an advanced technology package, the Pedestrian Avoidance Safety System (PASS) that uses light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors to trigger automated deceleration and braking. Thirty transit buses are being equipped with PASS and will be monitored using telematics to transmit and collect critical test data. The test plan includes collecting data while operating the buses in “stealth mode” with PASS detecting and logging events, but not activating brakes automatically or warning the drivers. At the conclusion of “stealth mode” operation, Pierce Transit will make a go/no-go decision on whether to activate PASS’s automatic deceleration and braking functionality for revenue service with passengers. This paper describes the risk mitigation process developed to determine if the system is safe enough to allow operation in revenue service. The process includes: broad stakeholder engagement, constituting an ad-hoc working group within Pierce Transit to advise executive management, development of decision-making criteria, consultation with state and federal officials on regulatory requirements and compliance, review of applicable standards and engineering test protocols, engineering consultations with the bus original equipment manufacturer, and road testing to simulate revenue service, collect data, and obtain feedback from drivers and maintainers.

scholarly journals Advanced Emergency Braking Controller Design for Pedestrian Protection Oriented Automotive Collision Avoidance System

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Lie ◽  
Ren Zejian ◽  
Ge Pingshu ◽  
Chang Jing
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Controller Design ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Longitudinal Dynamics ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Collision Avoidance System ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Single Neuron Pid

Automotive collision avoidance system, which aims to enhance the active safety of the vehicle, has become a hot research topic in recent years. However, most of the current systems ignore the active protection of pedestrian and other vulnerable groups in the transportation system. An advanced emergency braking control system is studied by taking into account the pedestrians and the vehicles. Three typical braking scenarios are defined and the safety situations are assessed by comparing the current distance between the host vehicle and the obstacle with the critical braking distance. To reflect the nonlinear time-varying characteristics and control effect of the longitudinal dynamics, the vehicle longitudinal dynamics model is established in CarSim. Then the braking controller with the structure of upper and lower layers is designed based on sliding mode control and the single neuron PID control when confronting deceleration or emergency braking conditions. Cosimulations utilizing CarSim and Simulink are finally carried out on a CarSim intelligent vehicle model to explore the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Results display that the designed controller has a good response in preventing colliding with the front vehicle or pedestrian.

Usability Testing for Rapid Fielding with Small Ns: Lessons Learned during an Army Operational Field Experiment

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (26) ◽  
pp. 1622-1626
Author(s):  
Pamela A. Savage-Knepshield
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Iterative Design ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Qualitative Feedback ◽  
Usability Feedback ◽  
Survey Instrument Development

The Army's acquisition process is transforming to meet the needs of a force that must be agile, adaptive, and responsive to asymmetric threats. Advanced capabilities and technologies, which are urgently needed to enable rapid response to evolving military needs, are being developed and pushed out to troops at unprecedented rates. As a result, not all systems have undergone an iterative design process, received usability feedback from their target users, or had design support from human factors engineers to ensure that unit and Soldier considerations have been addressed. Subsequently, these systems may possess characteristics that induce high cognitive workload, fatigue, detectability, or trigger events that lead to fratricide. When human factors engineers encounter a system that has not derived these benefits, they too must become more agile, adaptive, and responsive to ensure that Soldier feedback is collected and that serious issues are identified and resolved before the system makes its way to the battlefield. Lessons learned while participating in advanced technology and experimentation programs include techniques that facilitate working with small Ns, institutional review boards, rapid survey instrument development, and the collection of qualitative feedback as well as the importance of having a “usability tool kit” available to facilitate data collection efforts in an operational field environment.

Collision-mitigation level of collision-avoidance braking system

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
Hitoshi Tanaka ◽  
Yoshiki Miichi ◽  
Masami Aga
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Collision Mitigation

scholarly journals THEORETICAL-EXPERIMENTAL ASSESMENT OF BRAKING SISTEMS FOR INCLINED LIFTS ACCORDING TO EN 81:22-2014.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Alcalá ◽  
Beatriz Valles Fernandez ◽  
Angel Luis Martin López
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Dynamical Behaviour ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Calculation Methodology ◽  
Norm Series ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Optimal Behaviour

The inclined lifts, in case of emergency braking, can experience high longitudinal decelerations that can lead to passengers’ collisions with lift walls and interior elements. In 2014 the CEN/TC10 WG1 published the part 22 of the norm series 81 with regard to the construction elements and installation of electrical lifts with inclined trajectory. This norm stablishes, amongst other requirements, the maximum and minimum deceleration levels in both longitudinal and vertical directions. Both requirements, in opposite senses and the definition of the braking system, do not cause design difficulties in case of high slopes, but in case of lifts with the slope under a certain level they can be needed, to guarantee the fulfilment of the norm, elements that allow and additional relative displacement between the braking system and the cabin. To define the performances and the optimal behaviour of these systems it has been defined a simulation model of the dynamical behaviour of the lift under the conditions of the norm tests. Additionally, in this work it is presented a calculation methodology to define the cabin allowable weight corridor, for each braking effort made by each safety gear model, and the simulations have been validated with the results of tests with different braking efforts, weights and lift slopes. The present work has been performed in cooperation with Thyssen Krupp Elevadores with the aim of improving the knowledge of the brake dynamics of inclined lifts.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.2173

scholarly journals Simulation Study of the Process of Friction in the Working Elements of a Car Braking System at Different Degrees of Wear

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Borawski
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Braking System

Abstract Among the many elements of a modern vehicle, the braking system is definitely among the most important ones. Health, and, frequently, life, may rest upon the design and reliability of brakes. The most common friction pair used in passenger cars today is a disc which rotates with the road wheel and a cooperating pair of brake pads. The composite material of the pad results in changing tribological properties as the pad wears, which was demonstrated in experimental studies. The change is also facilitated by the harsh operating conditions of brakes (high and rapid temperature changes, water, etc.). This paper looks into how changing tribology reflects on the heating process of disc and pads during braking. And so a simulation study was conducted, as this method makes it possible to measure temperature in any given point and at any time, which is either impossible or extremely difficult in real life conditions. Finite element method analyses were performed for emergency braking events at various initial speeds of the vehicle reflecting the current road speed limits.

scholarly journals Development and Testing of a Collision Avoidance Braking System for an Autonomous Vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 703-709
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Good Consistency ◽  
Main Development ◽  
Outdoor Experiments

The article describes the main development and testing aspects of an emergency braking function for an autonomous vehicle. The purpose of this function is to prevent the vehicle from collisions with obstacles, either stationary or moving. An algorithm is proposed to calculate deceleration for the automated braking, which takes into account the distance to the obstacle and velocities of both the vehicle and the obstacle. In addition, the algorithm adapts to deviations from the required deceleration, which are inevitable in the real-world practice due to external and internal disturbances and unaccounted dynamics of the vehicle and its systems. The algorithm was implemented as a part of the vehicle’s mathematical model. Simulations were conducted, which allowed to verify algorithm’s operability and tentatively select the system parameters providing satisfactory braking performance of the vehicle. The braking function elaborated by means of modeling then was connected to the solenoid braking controller of the experimental autonomous vehicle using a real-time prototyping technology. In order to estimate operability and calibrate parameters of the function, outdoor experiments were conducted at a test track. A good consistency was observed between the test results and simulation results. The test results have proven correct operation of the emergency braking function, acceptable braking performance of the vehicle provided by this function, and its capability of preventing collisions.

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