Working at the Ichapur Gunpowder Factory in the 1790s (Part I)

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lucassen
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
And Migration

The Gunpowder Manufacture at Ichapur near Calcutta in the 1790s engaged in busy years 2,000–2,500 skilled labourers and therefore was one of the world’s largest factories. Besides, the wages and secondary benefits (including a pension scheme for victims of work accidents since 1783) of these migrant workers were comparatively reasonable and—more significantly—the result of several forms of collective action. This remarkable case study raises many questions regarding long-term trends in the labour history and migration history of India, where accepted wisdom stresses the emergence of mobility since the 1840s and poor performance of the industrial workers since the end of the nineteenth century.

“Theoretically all Children are Equal. Practically this can Never be So”: The History of the District Property Tax in California and the Choice of Inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Matthew Gardner Kelly
Keyword(s):  
School Finance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
School Funding ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Property Taxation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Funding Disparities

Background/Context Dealing mostly in aggregate statistics that mask important regional variations, scholars often assume that district property taxation and the resource disparities this approach to school funding creates are deeply rooted in the history of American education. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article explores the history of district property taxation and school funding disparities in California during the 19th and 20th centuries. First, the article documents the limited use of district property taxation for school funding in California and several other Western states during the 19th century, showing that the development of school finance was more complicated than standard accounts suggest. Then, the article examines how a coalition of experts, activists, and politicians worked together during the early 20th century to promote district property taxation and institutionalize the idea that the wealth of local communities, rather than the wealth of the entire state, should determine the resources available for public schooling. Research Design This article draws on primary source documents from state and regional archives, including district-level funding data from nine Northern California counties, to complete a historical analysis. Conclusions/Recommendations The history of California's district property tax suggests the need for continued research on long-term trends in school finance and educational inequality. Popular accounts minimizing the historical role of state governments in school funding obscure how public policies, not just market forces shaping property values, create funding inequalities. In turn, these accounts communicate powerful messages about the supposed inevitability of funding disparities and the responsibility of state governments to correct them. Through increased attention to long-term trends in school funding, scholars can help popular commentators and policymakers avoid assumptions that naturalize inequality and narrow the possibilities for future funding reforms.

11. The United Kingdom: Towards a Parting of the Ways

2020 ◽  
pp. 257-279
Author(s):  
Anand Menon ◽  
Luigi Scazzieri
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines the history of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European integration process. The chapter dissects the long-term trends in public opinion and the more contingent, short-term factors that led to the referendum vote to leave the European Union. The UK was a late joiner and therefore unable to shape the early institutional development of the EEC. British political parties and public opinion were always ambiguous about membership and increasingly Eurosceptic from the early 1990s. Yet the UK had a significant impact on the EU’s development, in the development of the single market programme and eastward enlargement. If Brexit goes through, Britain will nevertheless maintain relations with the EU in all policy areas from agriculture to energy and foreign policy. Europeanization will remain a useful theoretical tool to analyse EU–UK relations even if the UK leaves the Union.

scholarly journals Economics and evolution

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 298-298
Author(s):  
Geerat J. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Economic Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Random Nature ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Individual organisms compete for resources. Among competitive dominants, per-capita energy use has generally increased through time. This increase has had a ripple effect on all other species by increasing the number of competitive and predatory encounters among individuals. Species unable to cope with such biological rigors have become restricted to environments where resource supply is low and where encounters with enemies are few. Among species that hold their own in biologically rigorous habitats, construction materials that are cheap to produce and that enable individuals to grow and respond quickly have generally been favored over those that exact a high cost in energy and time. Extinction interrupts but does not reverse or fundamentally alter these long-term between-clade evolutionary trends. The availability of resources to organisms, as well as the opportunity for evolutionary change, depends on extrinsic events and factors as well as on the competitive abilities of organisms.Those who have raised methodological and theoretical objections against this economic interpretation of the history of life deny the overriding importance of organisms as agents of natural selection, emphasize the random nature of extinction, deny the existence of long-term trends, favor a larger role for mutualistic as opposed to antagonistic interactions, or accord a larger role to species-level attributes in evolution that are not reducible to the properties of individual organisms. These arguments are either unpersuasive or incorrect. The long-term economics of life may have important lessons for our own use of resources.

Subsidence, maturation and migration history of the Tampen Spur area

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Moretti ◽  
Kenneth Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration

On fragile democracy: Contemporary and historical perspectives—Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
Martin Conway
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends

The concept of fragility provides an alternative means of approaching the history of democracy, which has often been seen as the ineluctable consequence of Europe’s social and political modernisation. This is especially so in Scandinavia, as well as in Finland, where the emergence of a particular Nordic model of democracy from the early decades of the twentieth century onwards has often been explained with reference to embedded traditions of local self-government and long-term trends towards social egalitarianism. In contrast, this article emphasises the tensions present within the practices and understandings of democracy in the principal states of Scandinavia during the twentieth century. In doing so, it provides an introduction to the articles that compose this Special Issue, as well as contributing to the wider literature on the fragility of present-day structures of democracy.

scholarly journals Evolution and migration history of the Chinese population inferred from Chinese Y-chromosome evidence

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Deng ◽  
Baochen Shi ◽  
Xiaoli He ◽  
Zhihua Zhang ◽  
Jun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration

Looking in Stereo: School Photography, Interracial Intimacy, and the Pulse of the Archive

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Attewell
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration ◽  
History Of Race

This article examines the visual genre of the school photograph in order to reflect on the promise of transcolonial methodologies for thinking about the history of race and belonging in Canada. It focuses on four photographs of schoolchildren taken at around the same time in a range of locations across the British Empire. All feature Chinese children in close proximity to black, South Asian, or white peers. Seeking to understand how the photographs resonate with one another as representations of encounters between Asian and other racialized child subjects—divisions of class, location, and migration history notwithstanding—I develop a transcolonial methodology that is attentive to the (counter)institutional workings of rhythm and repetition as engines of community formation. Such a practice, I suggest, allows for rhythms to emerge that resist alignment with the pedagogical dictates of national time, as exemplified by national celebrations of Canada 150.

scholarly journals Eastern Europe Abroad: Exploring Actor-Networks in Transnational Movements and Migration History, The Case of the Bund

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actor Networks ◽  
And Migration

SummaryThe “transnational turn” is one of the most discussed topics in historiography, yet it has inspired more theoretical tension than empirically saturated studies. This article combines both aspects by examining the transnational network formation of one of the most important social movements in late imperial Russia, the Jewish Labour Bund. It furthermore introduces into historiography one of the most fruitful theories in recent social sciences, “actor-network theory”. This opens the view on the steady recreation of a social movement and reveals how closely the history of the Bund in eastern Europe was interwoven with large socialist organizations in the New World. Based on a large number of sources, this contribution to migration and movement history captures the creation and the limits of global socialist networks. As a result, it shows that globalization did not only create economic or political networks but that it impacted the everyday lives of authors and journalists as well as those of tailors and shoemakers.

What Moves Macropartisanship? A Response to Green, Palmquist, and Schickler

1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Erikson ◽  
Michael B. Mackuen ◽  
James A. Stimson
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Sentiment ◽  
Presidential Approval ◽  
Weak Force ◽  
Economic News ◽  
Presidential Popularity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Near Future

Contrary to the claim by Green, Palmquist, and Schickler (1998), macropartisanship is largely shaped by presidential approval and consumer sentiment. It is not the case, however, that macropartisanship mirrors the ever-changing levels of current presidential popularity and prosperity. Rather, macropartisanship reflects the cumulation of political and economic news that shapes approval and consumer sentiment. Using ECM technology, we show that, far from being the weak force that Green et al. suggest, the cumulation of innovations in presidential approval and consumer sentiment largely account for the long-term trends in macropartisanship. For forecasting macropartisanship in the near future, it is better to predict from the fundamentals represented by the history of approval and consumer sentiment up to a given moment than from current values of macropartisanship itself.

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