The Impact of Public and Private Research on Premature Cancer Mortality and Hospitalization in the United States, 1999-2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Frank R. Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Hospital Discharges ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Private Research ◽  
The Impact

This article provides evidence about the impact that public and private research had on premature mortality and hospitalization due to cancer in the United States during the period 1999-2013. We estimate difference-in-differences models based on longitudinal, cancer-site-level data to determine whether the cancer sites about which more research-supported articles were published had larger subsequent reductions in premature mortality and hospitalization during the period 1999 to 2013, controlling for the change in the number of people diagnosed. Premature (before age 75 years) mortality is inversely related to the number of research-supported articles that had been published 9 to 15 years earlier, controlling for incidence and non-research publications. The number of hospital discharges attributed to cancer is also significantly inversely related to the number of research-supported articles previously published. Public and private research reduced the number of years of potential life lost before age 75 years due to cancer in 2013 by 566,000. JEL Classifications: I1, I18

scholarly journals The Political Impact of Immigration: Evidence from the United States

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-389
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Mayda ◽  
Giovanni Peri ◽  
Walter Steingress
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Political Effect ◽  
The Impact

This paper studies the impact of immigration to the United States on the vote share for the Republican Party using county-level data from 1990 to 2016. Our main contribution is to show that an increase in high-skilled immigrants decreases the share of Republican votes, while an inflow of low-skilled immigrants increases it. These effects are mainly due to the indirect impact on existing citizens’ votes, and this is independent of the origin country and race of immigrants. We find that the political effect of immigration is heterogeneous across counties and depends on their skill level, public spending, and noneconomic characteristics. (JEL D72, J15, J24, J61, R23)

scholarly journals Moral Rights Laws and Income Disparity Between Artists in High and Low GDP States

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Avanesov ◽  
Robert Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
T Test ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The United States' laissez-faire approach to moral rights legislation has left many academics questioning the impact that these laws have on artists' welfare. In using artists' income as one component of measuring overall well-being, states with additional statewide moral rights legislation have been shown to contribute to more significant artist losses, in contrast to states with only federal legislation. At the same time, moral rights laws have been shown to have no impact on artists' choice of residency, leaving some artists possibly disadvantaged regarding their choice of residency. Utilizing a difference in differences framework, this paper explores the impact of moral rights legislation on artists' weekly incomes between moral rights states of varying outputs of GDP. Although results suggested that artists would lose approximately $0.18 per one billion dollar increase in GDP at the statewide level, after conducting an additional t-test, these findings were shown to have no statistical significance. Several limitations, most prominently a lack of data availability in the pre-law values required for the difference in differences framework, may have contributed to these findings. These indeterminate results leave the question of whether some artists remain economically disadvantaged as a result of moral rights legislation uncertain.  

COViD-19: We're All in This Together – Some More Than Others

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 358-360
Author(s):  
Chris Alderman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Disease

It has long been apparent that gross disparities exist in health care in the United States, and, indeed, other nations with fully developed economies. All kinds of markers point to these inequities, with measures such as overall life expectancy, hospitalization rates, premature mortality, adverse outcomes associated with medical and surgical treatment, infant mortality, and the impact of many significant disease types higher and more impactful among minority groups and those of the most modest economic means. This is not new. Are there pointers to what might underpin the disparities in outcomes among the different minority groups?

Epidemiology and trends of cryptococcosis in the United States from 2000 to 2007: A population-based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel AM Shaheen ◽  
Ranjani Somayaji ◽  
Robert Myers ◽  
Christopher H Mody
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Weighted Estimate ◽  
Hospital Discharges ◽  
Cryptococcal Disease ◽  
Age Adjusted Rates ◽  
The Impact

Cryptococcal disease, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality but limited data exist on its incidence and impact. A study utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 to 2007 to examine the epidemiology and impact of cryptococcal disease in the United States was undertaken. The International Classification of Diseases 9th Version code was used to identify hospital discharges with diagnosis of Cryptococcus (117.5). Our primary outcome was the incidence rate of cryptococcal admissions. The impact of AIDS, age, and sex on hospitalization rates, mortality, and costs was assessed. The results showed that a total of 10,077 hospitalizations for cryptococcosis occurred corresponding to a weighted estimate of 49,010 cases. The median age was 43 years (interquartile range 34–54), and 26% were female. Approximately 64% of cases occurred in persons with AIDS. Although rates declined overall, age-adjusted rates were significantly higher in males with AIDS than in uninfected persons (p < 0.001). The mortality rate decreased but was greater in HIV-uninfected versus infected cohorts (12% versus 10%, p < 0.001). Conversely, hospital costs were greater in persons with AIDS ($40,671 versus $40,096, p=0.02). Although cryptococcal disease rates are decreasing over time, the associated mortality and costs remain concerning.

scholarly journals Warrantless Arrest Laws for Domestic Violence: How Are Youth Affected?

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabir Dasgupta ◽  
Gail Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Youth Outcomes ◽  
Direct And Indirect Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study empirically examines the impact of warrantless arrest laws (designed to deter domestic violence) on multiple youth outcomes. Utilizing variation in the timing of implementation of the laws across states, and employing a difference in differences framework, we examine both the direct and indirect impacts on youth in the United States. There appears to be no significant direct link between warrantless arrest laws and domestic violence-related homicides. However, on the indirect front, we do find strong evidence that implementation of the arrest laws results in a drop in the probability of youth experiencing suicidal ideation. This analysis also accounts for important heterogeneities in laws across states, and our findings are robust to multiple sensitivity checks, aimed at addressing key threats to identification.

scholarly journals Institutional Differences in the Stewardship and Research Output of United States Herbaria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Garretson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Private Universities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Biodiversity Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Institution Type ◽  
Cultural Sector ◽  
The Impact

Public policy decisions regarding institutional frameworks that govern the stewardship of biodiversity data at public and private institutions are an area of increasing importance. Museums, government agencies, and academic institutions across the United States maintain collections of biological specimens and information critical to scientific discovery. One subset of these natural history collections are herbaria, or collections of preserved plant matter and their associated data. In this study, I evaluate the current state of the digitization and databasing of herbariums contributing data to the SEInet Regional Network of North American Herbaria, and assess the impact of characteristics, particularly institution type (cultural sector institutions, public universities, private universities, or public land institutions), on the metrics of herbaria richness, digitization, and research usage. The results of this study suggest that institution type is significantly associated with the size, diversity, and digitization efforts of a herbarium collection. Specifically, cultural sector institutions tend to have larger and more diverse collections, followed by public and private universities, and finally public land institutions. Additionally, as herbarium size and richness increases, the research output of associated staff also increases. These results highlight that some institutions, particularly larger institutions located at universities or cultural sector institutions, may be better supported in the curation, stewardship, and digitization of large collections, allowing long-term access to the associated biodiversity data. Smaller institutions at public land institutions may need additional support in these endeavors, and may represent an area of unmet needs for digitization and curatorial funding and resources.

scholarly journals Evolution of Industrial R&D Financing in the USA: Dynamic and Structural Features

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
Valerij Minat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

The subject area of this study includes the features of the dynamics and structure of the financing of industrial R&D that have developed in the United States over the time period 1929–2019, determined by the institutional features and structural changes in the country’s industrial production. The evolution of industrial R&D financing as a socio-historical process reflects the economic transformations caused by the increased mobilization of financial resources for scientific, technical and innovative development. The purpose of the study is to identify and justify current trends in the evolution of industrial R&D financing in the United States, due to structural changes in industrial production over a long period of time. The results of the studies revealed structural relations of sources of direct funding of industrial R&D in the United States (by main areas) in the “customer– contractor” system, implemented by the public and private research programs. The empirical data obtained generally confirm the theoretical position on the impact of institutional and structural changes observed within the American manufacturing sector over the study period on the evolution of specific R&D financing in terms of increasing their concentration. It also shows the disparity in the territorial allocation of federal funding for industrial R&D in the United States.

scholarly journals Social Determinants Associated with COVID-19 Mortality in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayom Debopadhaya ◽  
Ariella D Sprague ◽  
Hongxi Mou ◽  
Tiburon L Benavides ◽  
Sarah M Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

This study examines social determinants associated with disparities in COVID-19 mortality rates in the United States. Using county-level data, 42 negative binomial mixed models were used to evaluate the impact of social determinants on COVID-19 outcome. First, to identify proper controls, the effect of 24 high-risk factors on COVID-19 mortality rate was quantified. Then, the high-risk terms found to be significant were controlled for in an association study between 41 social determinants and COVID-19 mortality rates. The results describe that ethnic minorities, immigrants, socioeconomic inequalities, and early exposure to COVID-19 are associated with increased COVID-19 mortality, while the prevalence of asthma, suicide, and excessive drinking is associated with decreased mortality. Overall, we recognize that social inequality places disadvantaged groups at risk, which must be addressed through future policies and pro-grams. Additionally, we reveal possible relationships between lung disease, mental health, and COVID-19 that need to be explored on a clinical level.

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